Block’s Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation

Contents
C o n t r i b u t o r s v i i i
P r e f a c e x v i
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1. Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Eamonn V . Hoxey
2. Defi nition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Gerald McDonnell
PART II: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF
ACTIVITY
3. Microorganisms and Resistance . . . . . . . . .23
Gerald McDonnell
4. Bacterial Resistance to Biocides . . . . . . . . .44
Jean-Yves Maillard
5. Principles of Antimicrobial Activity. . . . . . .68
Gerald McDonnell and Joyce M. Hansen
6. The Impact of Formulary Components
on Antimicrobial Products. . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Peter A. Burke and José A. Ramirez
7. Kinetics of the Inactivation of
Microorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Alfredo C. Rodríguez
8. Importance and Processes of
Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Rizwan Sharnez
PART III: DISINFECTION BY
ANTIMICROBIAL TYPES
9. Ultraviolet Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Ernest R. Blatchley III and Thomas P . Coohill
10. Nonionizing Radiation: Microwave
Radiation, Infrared Radiation, and
Pulsed Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
Mark A. Smith
11. Microbial Inactivation Kinetics and
Heat Disinfection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Patrick J. McCormick, James J. Kaiser, and
Michael J. Schoene
12. Acids and Alkalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
Md Ramim Tanver Rahman, Luyan Z. Ma, and
Mohammad Shafi ur Rahman
13. Antimicrobial Dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Mark Wainwright
14. Essential Oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
Katherine A. Hammer and Christine F . Carson
15. Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds . . . . .280
Nancy A. Falk, Marisa Macnaughtan, Atefeh Taheri, and
William McCormick
16. Iodine and Iodine-Containing
Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306
Paul L. Bigliardi, Maren Eggers, Marc Cataldo, Ram Kapil,
Manjunath Shet, and Michael K. Pugsley
17. Bromine and Bromine-Releasing
Biocides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Jonathan N. Howarth and Michael S. Harveyvi Contents
34. Plasma Sterilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .702
Akikazu Sakudo, Hideharu Shintani, and
Yagyu Yoshihito
35. Nitrogen Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .726
David Opie and Evan Goulet
36. Formaldehyde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .756
Allan Bennett and Thomas Pottage
PART V: PRESERVATION
37. Prevention of Infection From
Food and Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .765
Christon J. Hurst and Gerald McDonnell
38. Preservation of Industrial
Products and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780
Tony A. Rook
39. Preservation of Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795
Patrick J. Crowley and David P . Elder
40. Cosmetic Preservatives and
Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .822
Philip A. Geis
41. Sterile Packaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .835
Thierry Wagner, Dan B. Floyd, Michael H. Scholla, and
Jane E. Severin
PART VI: MEDICAL AND HEALTH-
RELATED APPLICATIONS
42. Hand Hygiene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .859
Günter Kampf
43. Surgical Antisepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .879
Gerald McDonnell
44. Infection Prevention for
Skin and Burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .899
Gerald McDonnell
45. Oral and Mucous Membrane
Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .916
Prerna Gopal and Lipika Gopal Chugh
46. Laundry Hygiene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .930
Dirk P . Bockmühl and Marlitt Honisch
47. Processing of Reusable Medical
Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .938
Emily Mitzel
48. Targeted Decontamination of
Environmental Surfaces in
Everyday Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .960
Elizabeth A. Scott, Elizabeth Bruning, and
Mohammad Khalid Ijaz
18. Peroxygen Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352
John Matta, Maruti Sinha, Kris Murphy, and
Suranjan Roychowdhury
19. Alcohols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Günter Kampf and James W. Arbogast
20. Phenolic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
Sarah de Szalay and John A. Diemer
21. Surface-Active Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437
John J. Merianos and Gerald McDonnell
22. Chlorhexidine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477
Vinod P . Menon
23. Aldehydes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507
Stephen A. Kelly, Sean P . Gorman, and
Brendan F . Gilmore
24. Copper Alloy Surfaces Kill Bacteria and
Reduce Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538
James H. Michel, Harold T. Michels, and
Corinne A. Michels
25. Silver and Silver Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . .549
Jean-Yves Maillard and Philippe Hartemann
26. Peptides, Enzymes, and
Bacteriophages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559
Suzana Meira Ribeiro, Osmar Nascimento Silva,
Bruna de Oliveira Costa, and Octávio Luiz Franco
27. Chlorine Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570
Zhao Chen and Mark A. Czarneski
PART IV: STERILIZATION BY
ANTIMICROBIAL TYPES
28. Sterilization and Depyrogenation
by Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
Daniel L. Prince and Derek J. Prince
29. Sterilization and Preservation by
Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .609
John R. Logar and Elaine Daniell
30. Sterile Filtration of Liquids and Gases . . .630
Kerry Roche Lentine and Richard V . Levy
31. Ethylene Oxide Sterilization . . . . . . . . . . .660
Craig A. Wallace
32. Disinfection and Sterilization With
Hydrogen Peroxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .671
Randal W. Eveland
33. Disinfection and Sterilization
Using Ozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684
Linda K. Weavers, G. B. Wickramanayake,
Mikhail Shifrin, and Gerald McDonnellContents vii
62. Standard Microbiological Methods for
Antimicrobial Products in
North America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1252
Scott Steinagel and Elaine Black
63. Antimicrobial Test Methods in the
European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1269
Lionel Pineau
64. Bioburden Assessment and
Tests for Sterility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1277
Martell Winters and Trabue Bryans
65. Biological Indicators, Chemical
Indicators, and Parametric Release . . . .1297
Richard Bancroft
PART IX: MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
66. Bacterial Endotoxin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1307
Kimbrell R. Darnell and Amy Jo Karren
67. Biofi lm and Biofi lm Control. . . . . . . . . . .1320
Joey S. Lockhart, Andre G. Buret, and Douglas W. Morck
68. Prions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1337
Kurt Giles, Amanda L. Woerman, and Stanley B. Prusiner
69. Fungal Contamination in the Built
Environment: Shipping and Storage. . . .1352
Daniel L. Price and Donald G. Ahearn
70. Regulation of Preservation,
Disinfection, and Sterilization Agents,
Equipment, and Processes . . . . . . . . . . .1360
Eric L. Dewhurst, Helen E. Forsdyke, and Eamonn V . Hoxey
71. Federal Regulation of Liquid
Chemical Germicides and Healthcare
Sterilization by the US Food and Drug
Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1379
Elizabeth Claverie-Williams, Steven Elliott,
Clarence Murray III, and Elaine Mayhall
72. Regulation of Antimicrobial
Pesticides by the US Environmental
Protection Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1380
Stephen F . Tomasino, Tajah L. Blackburn, and
Jacqueline L. Hardy
73. Antimicrobial Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1387
Nicola J. Irwin, Colin P . McCoy, Matthew P . Wylie,
and Sean P . Gorman
74. Nanotechnology for Disinfection and
Sterilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1404
David W. Hobson
S u b je c t I n dex 1419
49. Basic Principles of Infection
Prevention and Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .979
Charles Edmiston Jr and Gwen Borlaug
50. Disinfection and Sterilization of
Living and Scaffold Tissue Engineered
Medical Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .994
Kelvin G.M. Brockbank and Alyce Linthurst Jones
51. Sterilization, Disinfection, and
Asepsis in Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1008
Chris H. Miller and Charles John Palenik
52. Disinfection and Biosecurity in the
Prevention and Control of Disease in
Veterinary Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034
Patrick J. Quinn, Bryan K. Markey, Finola C. Leonard,
and Eamonn S. FitzPatrick
53. Disinfection of Contact Lenses . . . . . . . .1107
Manal M. Gabriel and Donald G. Ahearn
54. Infectious Waste Management,
Treatment, and Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125
Lawrence G. Doucet
55. Reprocessing and Remanufacturing of
Single-Use Medical Devices . . . . . . . . . .1145
D. J. Vukelich
PART VII: INDUSTRIAL AND RESEARCH
APPLICATIONS
56. Food- and Waterborne
Microorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1153
Gerald McDonnell
57. Groundwater Purifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . 1183
Nicholas P . Cheremisinoff and Chris Brown
58. Aseptic Processing and Facilities
for the Control of Microbial
Contamination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1200
James E. Akers Jr
59. Safe Handling of Biological
Agents in the Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . .1214
Alan J. Beswick, Brian Crook, and
Catherine Makison Booth
60. Control and Monitoring of
Microbiological Quality in Nonsterile
Manufacturing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . .1229
Amy Jo Karren
PART VIII: METHODS OF TESTING
61. Disinfectant Effi cacy Testing . . . . . . . . . .1241
Dan Klein