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Introduction to Sonography and Patient Care

Edition: 2
9781975120108
ISBN/ISSN:
9781975120108
Publication Date:
February 26, 2020
2020-02-26
9781975120108
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Selected as a Doody's Core Title for 2022!Master the sonography content and skills you need to prepare for, and succeed ...
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  • Selected as a Doody's Core Title for 2022!

    Master the sonography content and skills you need to prepare for, and succeed in, your specialized career! Introduction to Sonography and Patient Care, 2nd Edition, provides essential information and real-world applicable content, bridging the gap between didactic and clinical training. An easy-to-understand writing style and logically organized format take you step by step through each aspect of this dynamic, rewarding, and continually evolving imaging specialty. 
    • Features an all-new, full-color format throughout.
    • Covers new topics such as diversity, learning styles and strength identification, stress management, resume construction and interview tips, and critical thinking skills; and contains more information on emotional intelligence, vascular and echocardiography, musculoskeletal sonography, and the neonatal brain.
    • Mirrors JRC-DMS standards throughout, includes clinical applications in every chapter, and provides case studies online—all designed to prepare you for the rest of your training program, certification, clinical practice, and beyond. 
    • Emphasizes the obligation for compassionate patient care as you move toward your goal of becoming a certified professional diagnostic sonographer.
    • Includes topics often omitted in other texts, such as basic physics principles, instrumentation, knobology, patient positioning, professionalism and work ethic, equipment care, quality assurance, and legal essentials.
    • Features helpful appendices covering medical terminology, English-to-Spanish phrases, patient care procedures, and more.

    Enrich Your eBook Reading Experience
    • Read directly on your preferred device(s), such as computer, tablet, or smartphone.
    • Easily convert to audiobook, powering your content with natural language text-to-speech.
  • Edition
    2
    ISBN/ISSN
    9781975120108
    Product Format
    Paperback Book
    Trim Size
    7 x 10
    Pages
    490
    Table
    0
    Edition
    2
    Publication Date
    February 26, 2020
    Weight
    1.75
  • Steven M. Penny M.A., RT (R), RDMS
    Medical Sonography Lead Instructor, Johnston Community College, Smithfield, NC
  • Contents
    Contributors vii
    Reviewers of Second Edition ix
    Reviewers of First Edition xi
    Preface xiii
    Acknowledgments xv
    PART 1: INTRODUCTION TO SONOGRAPHY
    CHAPTER 1: Foundations for the Sonography Student 2
    • Going Back to School 6
    • Stress: Inevitable but Manageable 7
    o Financial Preparedness 9
    o Emotional Stability and Support 10
    o Physical Well-Being 12
    • Time Management 12
    • The Importance of Establishing Personal and Educational Goals 13
    • Classroom Survival Skills 14
    o Pertinent Coursework 15
    o Preparing for Tests 16
    o Maintaining Motivation in the Classroom 19
    • Clinical Survival Skills 19
    o The Sonographer: A Brief Overview 19
    o Utilizing the Scan Lab 23
    o Essentials of Professionalism in Clinical 24
    o Essentials of Work Ethic in Clinical Settings 26
    • Clinical Orientation and Information Gathering 28
    o Understanding Workflow 29
    o Imaging Departments and Modalities 30
    • Radiography 31
    • Computed Tomography 32
    • Nuclear Medicine Technology 34
    • Mammography 35
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging 35
    • Cardiovascular Interventional Technology and Vascular Interventional Technology 37
    • Appreciating Critical Thinking 37
    o Student Application of Critical Thinking 40
    • Summary 41CHAPTER 2: The Sonographer: A Closer Look 46
    • Know Yourself Before You Know Others 48
    o Identifying Your Personality Type 49
    o Emotional Intelligence 52
    o Strength Recognition and Professional Maturation 53
    • Serving in Healthcare 54
    o Character 55
    o Competent Care and Flexibility 57
    o Courtesy and Respect 57
    o Compassion, Empathy, and Altruism 58
    • The Cost of Caring and Finding the Balance 61
    o Accountability, Honesty, and Integrity 62
    o Self-Motivation and Enthusiasm 63
    o Hunger for Knowledge 64
    o Self-Confidence 64
    o Final Thoughts on Character 64
    • Clinical Responsibilities and Workplace Challenges for the Sonographer 65
    o Sonographic Reasoning and Clinical Correlation 66
    o Appreciating Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology 70
    o Sonographer Reports 71
    o Occupational Stress for the Sonographer 71
    • Student Interaction with Sonographers 77
    o When and How to Communicate 78
    o Acquiring Scan Time 78
    • Student Interaction with Interpreting Physicians 78
    • Summary 80
    CHAPTER 3: Historical, Current, and Future
    Applications of Ultrasound in Medicine 87
    • The Study of Sound 92
    • Ultrasound in Medicine 95
    o Imaging Modes and Doppler 98
    • Display Options 98
    • Doppler Technology 101
    o Tissue Harmonic Imaging 105
    o 3D and 4D Technology 105
    • Specialties in Sonography 108
    o Abdominal Sonography 108
    • Small Parts Sonography 110
    o Breast Sonography 116
    o Neurosonography and Pediatric Sonography 118
    o Musculoskeletal Sonography 120
    o Gynecologic Sonography 120
    o Obstetric Sonography 125
    o Fetal Echocardiography 127
    o Vascular Sonography (Contributed by Dr. Traci B. Fox) 130
    o Echocardiography (Contributed by Maureen McDonald) 133• Transthoracic Echocardiograms 134
    • Stress Echocardiography 136
    • Transesophageal Echocardiography 138
    • Pediatric Echocardiography 139
    • Additional Technologies and Future Applications 139
    o Therapeutic Ultrasound 140
    o High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound 140
    o Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided Brachytherapy 141
    o Ultrasound Elastography 142
    o Fusion Imaging 142
    o Intravascular Ultrasound 143
    o Automated Ultrasound 143
    o Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma 144
    o Miniaturization 145
    o Wireless Technology 145
    o Future Possibilities and Artificial Intelligence 145
    • Summary 147
    CHAPTER 4: Professional Environment, Leadership,
    and Career Establishment 153
    • Professional Environment 154
    o Academic Accreditation (CAAHEP , JRC-DMS, JRC-CVT) 155
    o Professional Organizations and Associations (SDMS, SVU, ASE, SOPE, AIUM, ASRT) 156
    o National Certification (ARDMS, CCI, ARRT) 157
    • Maintaining Certification 159
    o Laboratory Accreditation 160
    • Leadership Roles in Sonography 160
    o Leadership Styles and Followership 162
    o Staff Sonographer 164
    o Advanced Practice Sonographer 165
    o Management in Sonography 165
    o Sonography Educators 166
    o Travel Sonographers 166
    o Consultants or Technical Advisors 167
    o Sales/Application Specialist 167
    o Sonography Entrepreneur 167
    • Career Establishment 167
    o Searching and Applying for Jobs 168
    o Resume Writing and Social Networking 169
    o Interview Tips 171
    • Summary 171
    CHAPTER 5: Ergonomics and the Prevention of Work-Related
    Musculoskeletal Disorders 176
    • What Are Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders? 178
    • Ergonomics 179
    • Body Mechanics 180• Personal and Environmental Risk Factors 182
    o Posture and Body Positioning 183
    o Repetitive Motions and Force or Pressure 185
    o Room Design 187
    o Equipment Design 188
    o Job Design 191
    o Underlying Predisposing Conditions 192
    • Inflammatory Diseases Linked to Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders 192
    • Best Practices and Ergonomic Interventions for the Sonography Student 194
    o Shoulder and Elbow 194
    o Wrist and Hand 196
    o Neck and Back 202
    o Lower Extremities 203
    • General Treatment of WRMSDs and Review of Warning Signs 203
    • Summary 204
    CHAPTER 6: Ethics and Professionalism 209
    • Ethics and Personal Values 210
    o Ethical Theories 211
    o Ethics in Action 213
    o Medical Ethics and Codes of Ethics 214
    o The Sonographer Code of Ethics 215
    o Ethical Issues in Diagnostic Medical Sonography 217
    • Nondiagnostic Use of Ultrasound 217
    • Ultrasound Screening for Vascular Disease 218
    • The Role of the Sonographer in the Abortion Debate 218
    • Professionalism 220
    o Professional Etiquette and Teamwork 221
    o First Impressions for the Sonography Student 221
    • Summary 223
    CHAPTER 7: Legal Essentials and Patient Rights 228
    • Law Basics 230
    • Types of Law 231
    o Common Law 231
    o Statutory Law 231
    • Administrative Law 231
    • Criminal Law 232
    • Civil Law 232
    • Sonographer Scope of Practice 238
    • Good Samaritan Laws 242
    • Patient Rights 242
    o HIPAA and Patient Confidentiality 243
    o Patient Rights Related to End-of-Life Issues 244
    • Sonographer Documentation 245
    • Summary 245CHAPTER 8: Basic Principles and Knobology 250
    • Directional Terminology and Patient Positioning 252
    • Transducers 253
    o Transducer Manipulation 253
    o Transducer Orientation and Scanning Planes 255
    • Medical and Vascular Sonography Scanning Planes 259
    • Transthoracic Echocardiography Scanning Planes 260
    o Care and Cleaning of Transducers 260
    • B-Mode and Basic Doppler Overview 262
    • Essential Universal Knobology 266
    o Acoustic Power 266
    o Annotation Keys 266
    o B-Color 266
    o Body Markers 266
    o Calipers 267
    o Cine (Cine Loop) 268
    o Clip (Clip Store) 268
    o Color (Doppler) and Power Doppler 268
    o Continuous-Wave Doppler 268
    o Depth 269
    o Dual Image 269
    o Ellipse 270
    o Field of View and Extended Field of View 270
    o Freeze 270
    o Zoom (Zoom vs. Res) 270
    o Image Store (Print or Save) 270
    o MultiHertz 271
    o Overall Gain 271
    o Time Gain Compensation 272
    o Tissue Equalization 273
    o Trace 273
    o Trackball 274
    o Transducer Select 274
    o M-Mode 274
    o Pulsed-Wave Doppler 274
    o Transmit Zone or Focus 275
    o Calcs (Calculations) 275
    • Summary 278
    PART 2: INTRODUCTION TO PATIENT CARE
    CHAPTER 9: Communication, Diversity, and Cultural Awareness 284
    • Primary Human Needs 285
    • The Grieving Process 286
    • Communication 288
    o Five Elements of Communication 288• Nonverbal Communication 288
    • Verbal Communication 290
    o Additional Potential Barriers to Effective Communication 290
    • Diversity and Cultural Competence 295
    • The Sonographic Examination: 10 Steps 297
    o Step 1: Assessment of Relevant Documents 297
    o Step 2: Examining Reports and Images 298
    o Step 3: Preparing the Examination Room and Protocol Review 299
    o Step 4: Introducing Yourself and Patient Confirmation 299
    o Step 5: Gathering Clinical History 299
    o Step 6: Patient Education 301
    o Step 7: Conducting the Sonogram 301
    o Step 8: Completing the Sonographer’s Report 301
    o Step 9: Sonographer Interaction with Interpreting Physician 302
    o Step 10: Discharging the Patient 302
    • Summary 302
    CHAPTER 10: Fundamental Patient Care 307
    • Patient Assessment 309
    o Body Temperature 310
    o Pulse (Appendix 3, Procedure 10-1) 311
    o Blood Pressure (Appendix 3, Procedure 10-2) 314
    o Respiration (Appendix 3, Procedure 10-3) 318
    • Patient Assistance 319
    o Evaluating the Patient’s Mobility 320
    o Transferring and Transporting Patients (Appendix 3,
    Procedures 10-4, 10-5, 10-6, and 10-7) 320
    o Circumstances Requiring Unique Assistance 321
    • Care for Patients with Intravenous Infusion 321
    • Care for Patients with Urinary Catheters 323
    • Care for Patients on Oxygen Therapy 325
    • Assisting Patients with Bedpans or Urinals 327
    o Portable Sonography 328
    • Introduction to Electrocardiography for Echocardiography Students 329
    o Lead Placement 330
    o Simplified Heart Anatomy and Circulation 332
    • The Cardiac Conduction System 333
    • Normal Sinus Rhythm 334
    • Summary 335
    CHAPTER 11: Medical Emergencies 339
    • The Role of the Sonographer in Emergency Situations 341
    • Assessing the Patient’s Neurologic and Cognitive Function 341
    • Types of Emergencies 342
    o Shock 342
    o Syncope 345
    o Seizures 346o Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) 348
    o Diabetic Emergencies 348
    o Emergencies Requiring Immediate Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 349
    • Summary 350
    CHAPTER 12: Infection Control for the Sonographer 354
    • Infection 357
    o Conditions that Favor the Growth of Pathogens 359
    o The Cycle of Infection and Modes of Transmission 359
    o Nosocomial and Healthcare-Associated Infections 362
    • Workplace Exposure for the Sonographer 364
    o Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus 365
    o Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus 365
    o Clostridium difficile 366
    o Tuberculosis 366
    o Bloodborne Pathogens 368
    • Viral Hepatitis 368
    • HIV and AIDS 369
    • Breaking the Cycle of Infection 369
    o Standard Precautions 369
    o Hand Hygiene (Appendix 3, Procedure 12-1) 370
    o Personal Protective Equipment 372
    • Gloving 374
    • Other Personal Protective Equipment (Appendix 3, Procedure 12-2) 374
    o Transmission-Based Precautions 374
    o Medical Asepsis in the Sonography Department 378
    • Personal Hygiene and Dress in the Workplace 379
    • Cleaning Equipment 379
    • Nonsterile Probe Covers 381
    • Proper Disposal of Examination Waste Items (Appendix 3, Procedure 12-3) 382
    • What If You Are Exposed? 382
    • Summary 382
    CHAPTER 13: Invasive Procedures and Surgical Asepsis 387
    • Surgical Asepsis 388
    o The Rules of Surgical Asepsis 392
    o Preparing for an Invasive Procedure 392
    o Skin Preparation and Draping (Appendix 3, Procedure 13-1) 393
    o Opening a Sterile Pack and Adding Items to a Sterile Field (Appendix 3,
    Procedure 13-2) 394
    o Sterile Gloving 396
    o Draping a Transducer with a Sterile Probe Cover and Needle Guide 398
    o Syringe Assistance and Needle Disposal 400
    • Sonography in the Operating Room 403
    o The Surgical Scrub 403
    • Sterile Gowning 404
    • The Surgical Team 405CHAPTER 14: Sonographic Examinations and Guidelines 410
    • Quality Assurance 411
    • As Low As Reasonably Achievable and Clinical Safety of Ultrasound 412
    • Abdominal and Small Part Sonography 413
    o Liver 413
    o Gallbladder and Biliary Tract 413
    o Pancreas 414
    o Spleen 414
    o Bowel 415
    o Peritoneal Fluid 415
    o Abdominal Wall 416
    o Kidneys and Urinary Bladder (Renal Sonogram) 417
    o Renal Vascular Assessment 417
    o Abdominal Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava 417
    • Breast Sonography 418
    • Scrotal Sonography 418
    • Thyroid, Cervical Lymph Node, and Parathyroid Sonography 419
    • Musculoskeletal Sonography 420
    o Shoulder Examination 420
    • Gynecologic Sonography 420
    o Sonohysterography 421
    • Obstetric Sonography 421
    o First Trimester 421
    o Second and Third Trimesters 422
    • Vascular Sonography 423
    o Carotid Sonogram 423
    o Peripheral Venous Sonography 424
    o Upper Extremity Venous Sonogram 425
    o Peripheral Arterial 425
    • Transthoracic Adult Echocardiography 426
    • Summary 426
    Appendix 1: Medical Terminology 431
    Appendix 2: Translation Resources and English-to-Spanish Phrases 437
    Appendix 3: Patient Care Procedures 443
    Appendix 4: Electrocardiographic Dysrhythmias 459
    Appendix 5: Laboratory Tests 462
    Index 465
    • Features an all-new, full-color format throughout.
    • Covers new topics such as diversity, learning styles and strength identification, stress management, resume construction and interview tips, and critical thinking skills; and contains more information on emotional intelligence, vascular and echocardiography, musculoskeletal sonography, and the neonatal brain.
    • Mirrors JRC-DMS standards throughout, includes clinical applications in every chapter, and provides case studies online—all designed to prepare you for the rest of your training program, certification, clinical practice, and beyond. 
    • Emphasizes the obligation for compassionate patient care as you move toward your goal of becoming a certified professional diagnostic sonographer.
    • Includes topics often omitted in other texts, such as basic physics principles, instrumentation, knobology, patient positioning, professionalism and work ethic, equipment care, quality assurance, and legal essentials.
    • Features helpful appendices covering medical terminology, English-to-Spanish phrases, patient care procedures, and more.

    Enrich Your eBook Reading Experience
    • Read directly on your preferred device(s), such as computer, tablet, or smartphone.
    • Easily convert to audiobook, powering your content with natural language text-to-speech.
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