Evidence-Based Endocrinology

Contents
Contributors iv
Preface vii
Acknowledgments viii
Chapter 1 Hypothalamic Pituitary Disease ................................... 1
SHANIKA SAMARASINGHE, GERALD A. CHARNOGURSKY,
ANNE MARGARETTE BACAL, AND ALALEH MAZHARI
Introduction of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis 1
Pituitary Adenomas and Sellar Masses 1
Hypopituitarism 5
Imaging of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary System 10
Disorders of the Prolactin System 13
Acromegaly 19
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Secreting Pituitary Adenomas 22
Cushing Disease 23
Diabetes Insipidus 27
SIADH 30
References 33
Chapter 2 Thyroid Disorders ...................................................... 41
NAYKKY SINGH OSPINA, HOSSEIN GHARIB, AND M. REGINA CASTRO
Evaluation of Thyroid Function 41
Thyroid Imaging 44
Hyperthyroidism 46
Hypothyroidism 52
Thyroid Nodules 54
Thyroid Cancer 57
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome 63
References 64
Chapter 3 Adrenal Disorders ...................................................... 73
DANA Z. ERICKSON, DIANE M. DONEGAN, AND STEVEN A. DE JONG
Evaluation of Adrenal Function 73
Adrenal Imaging 75
Primary Hyperaldosteronism 79
Cushing Syndrome 82
Adrenal Incidentaloma 86
Adrenal Insufficiency 90
Pheochromocytoma 94
References 99
Chapter 4 Metabolic Bone Disorders ....................................... 108
ROD MARIANNE ARCEO-MENDOZA, SARAH NADEEM,
AND PAULINE M. CAMACHO
Evaluation of Metabolic Bone Disorders 108
Bone Imaging 111
Osteoporosis 114
Paget Disease of the Bone 135
Primary Hyperparathyroidism 137x Contents
Parathyroid Carcinoma 142
Hypercalcemia 144
Hypocalcemia 147
Osteomalacia 150
Vitamin D Deficiency 153
References 156
Chapter 5 Reproductive Disorders .............................................. 166
RHODA H. COBIN, NEIL F. GOODMAN, AND SUMEET JAIN
Amenorrhea 166
Precocious Puberty 181
Hyperandrogenism 192
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 199
Menopause 220
Infertility 239
Male Hypogonadism 242
References 247
Chapter 6 Diabetes Mellitus ......................................................... 266
MARY ANN EMANUELE, FARAH MEAH, LILY AGRAWAL,
ZUBAIR ILYAS, AND NICHOLAS V. EMANUELE
Epidemiology and Prevalence 266
Types of Diabetes Mellitus 266
Clinical Presentation 270
Screening for Diabetes 270
Assessing Glycemic Control 272
Treatment of Diabetes 277
Inpatient Diabetes Management 286
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes 290
The Impact of Multifactorial Intervention 290
The Cardiovascular Impact of Treatment of Hyperglycemia 290
The Cardiovascular Impact of Treatment of Hypertension 292
The Cardiovascular Impact of Treatment of Hyperlipidemia 294
The Cardiovascular Impact of Antiplatelet Therapy 297
Microvascular Complications of Diabetes 297
Hypoglycemia 305
Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus 306
References 309
Chapter 7 Lipid Disorders ............................................................ 318
FRANCIS Q. ALMEDA
Introduction 318
Treatment Options for Lowering LDL Cholesterol 326
Clinical Outcomes Data with PCSK9 Inhibition 337
Future Studies with PCSK9 Inhibitors 339
High-Density-Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triglycerides 341
Treatment Options for Triglycerides 345
Summary 351
References 352
Chapter 8 Obesity ......................................................................... 356
KARL Z. NADOLSKY
Definition 356
Epidemiology 358
Etiology 358
Pathophysiology 359
Evaluation 360 Contents xi
Treatment 360
Pharmacotherapy 366
Bariatric/Metabolic Surgery 371
References 374
Chapter 9 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia .................................... 383
NORMA LOPEZ AND GLEN W. SIZEMORE
MEN Type 1 385
MEN Type 2 392
References 397
Chapter 10 Carcinoid Tumors ........................................................ 403
NATHAN J. O’DORISIO, THOMAS M. O’DORISIO,
AND M. SUE O’DORISIO
Definition 403
Pathology 403
Biology 404
Epidemiology 405
Diagnosis 405
Treatment 406
Summary 408
References 408
Chapter 11 Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes ....................... 410
SUBHASH KUKREJA
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy 410
Hypocalcemia 416
Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia 417
Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Syndrome 417
Non–Islet Cell Tumor–Induced Hypoglycemia 419
Acromegaly 419
Hyperthyroidism 420
References 420
Chapter 12 Genetics........................................................................ 423
PETER KOPP
Definition 423
Etiology 429
Epidemiology 429
Pathophysiology 430
Diagnosis 430
References 436
Chapter 13 Transgender Care ........................................................ 440
MANSI KANHERE, SUSAN JONES, AND VIN TANGPRICHA
Introduction 440
Definitions 440
Mental Health 441
Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy in Adults 442
Special Considerations in Management of Gender
Nonconforming Children and Transgender Youth 446
Gender-Affirming Surgery 450
Conclusion 450
References 450
Index 453