Ocular Therapeutics Handbook

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Preface to the Fourth Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Preface to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
SECTION I: QUICK REFERENCE SECTION
1
Ocular Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
QUICK REFERENCE SECTION 1
Bruce E. Onofrey
2
Common Laboratory Tests and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
COMMON LABORATORY TESTS AND PROCEDURES 17
Bruce E. Onofrey
GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN (HBA
1C
) 25
Nicky R. Holdeman
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 46
Bruce E. Onofrey
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY 47
Bruce E. Onofrey
CEREBRAL ARTERIOGRAPHY 48
Bruce E. Onofrey
DUPLEX ULTRASONOGRAPHY 49
Bruce E. Onofrey
OPHTHALMODYNAMOMETRY 49
Bruce E. Onofrey
FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY 50
Bruce E. Onofrey
INDOCYANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHY 51
Bruce E. Onofrey
OPHTHALMIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY 52
Bruce E. Onofrey
ULTRASOUND BIOMICROSCOPY 55
Bruce E. Onofrey
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY 56
Bruce E. Onofrey
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC TESTING 64
CONTENTSEXOPHTHALMOMETRY 69
Bruce E. Onofrey
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY 71
Wendy W. Harrison
FUNDUS AUTOFLUORESCENCE 75
Wendy W. Harrison
PACHYMETRY 78
Bruce E. Onofrey
IN VIVO CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY 81
Bruce E. Onofrey
ABBREVIATIONS FOR LABORATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 84
Bruce E. Onofrey

Ophthalmologic Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
SELECTED LABORATORY TESTS IN OCULAR DISEASE 87
Bruce E. Onofrey

Ocular Side Effects of Systemic Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC MEDICATIONS 111
Bruce E. Onofrey and Tonya G. Ketcham

Pharmaceutical Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
THE PRESCRIPTION/PATIENT COMPLIANCE 117
Bruce E. Onofrey
OPHTHALMIC DYES 117
Bruce E. Onofrey
ANESTHETIC AGENTS 117
Bruce E. Onofrey
DILATING AGENTS AND PROCEDURES 126
Bruce E. Onofrey
DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ACCOMMODATIVE
DISORDERS 128
Bruce E. Onofrey
OPHTHALMIC LUBRICANTS 128
Bruce E. Onofrey
HYPEROSMOTIC AGENTS 136
Bruce E. Onofrey
ANTIALLERGY MEDICATIONS 136
Bruce E. Onofrey
ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS 139
Bruce E. Onofrey
ANTIVIRAL AGENTS 139
Bruce E. Onofrey
MANAGEMENT OF COMMON BACTERIAL EYE DISORDERS: A QUICK REFERENCE 144GLAUCOMA AGENTS 144
Bruce E. Onofrey
ANALGESIC AGENTS 153
Bruce E. Onofrey
NUTRITIONAL AGENTS 154
Bruce E. Onofrey
SECTION II: OCULAR THERAPEUTICS
6
Bacterial Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
BACTERIAL BLEPHARITIS 157
Marcus G. Piccolo
BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS 160
Marcus G. Piccolo
PHLYCTENULOSIS 166
Marcus G. Piccolo
BACTERIAL KERATITIS 168
Nicky R. Holdeman
ADULT INCLUSION CONJUNCTIVITIS 177
Marcus G. Piccolo
TRACHOMA 179
Marcus G. Piccolo
PRESEPTAL CELLULITIS/ORBITAL CELLULITIS 181
Nicky R. Holdeman
PARINAUD OCULOGLANDULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS 189
Marcus G. Piccolo
HORDEOLA/CHALAZIA/MEIBOMITIS (MEIBOMIANITIS) 191
Marcus G. Piccolo
7
Viral Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
ADENOVIRUS/EPIDEMIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS 197
Marcus G. Piccolo
PHARYNGOCONJUNCTIVAL FEVER 199
Marcus G. Piccolo
ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS 201
Marcus G. Piccolo
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS: OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS 202
Nicky R. Holdeman
HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS 211
Nicky R. Holdeman
VARICELLA 219
Marcus G. PiccoloTHYGESON SUPERFICIAL PUNCTATE KERATITIS 223
Marcus G. Piccolo

Fungal Infectious Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
FUNGAL KERATITIS 225
Nicky R. Holdeman

Other Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS 230
Nicky R. Holdeman
DEMODICOSIS 234
Marcus G. Piccolo
PHTHIRIASIS PALPEBRARUM 235
Nicky R. Holdeman
10
Immune Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
ANTERIOR UVEITIS 238
Scott A. Martinson
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS 242
Tammy P. Than
BEHÇET DISEASE 244
Tammy P. Than
ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS 246
Scott A. Martinson
SEASONAL ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS AND PERENNIAL ALLERGIC
CONJUNCTIVITIS 247
Scott A. Martinson
ATOPIC DERMATITIS 252
Scott A. Martinson
ATOPIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS 254
Scott A. Martinson
VERNAL KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS 256
Scott A. Martinson
GIANT PAPILLARY CONJUNCTIVITIS 259
Scott A. Martinson
JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC (RHEUMATOID) ARTHRITIS 261
Scott A. Martinson
PARS PLANITIS 263
Tammy P. Than
REACTIVE ARTHRITIS 265
Tammy P. Than
TUBERCULOSIS 267
Langis Michaud
SARCOIDOSIS 272SYPHILIS 276
Langis Michaud
VOGT-KOYANAGI-HARADA SYNDROME 280
Langis Michaud
OCULAR ROSACEA 283
Leonid Skorin Jr
SCLERITIS 285
Langis Michaud
EPISCLERITIS 290
Langis Michaud
SJÖGREN SYNDROME 292
Alan G. Kabat
OCULAR CICATRICIAL PEMPHIGOID 294
Leonid Skorin Jr
CORNEAL GRAFT REJECTION 296
Scott A. Martinson
SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA 299
Nicky R. Holdeman
FUCHS HETEROCHROMIC IRIDOCYCLITIS 301
Nicky R. Holdeman
ORBITAL INFLAMMATORY PSEUDOTUMOR 303
Joseph Sowka
11
Lacrimal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
DACRYOADENITIS 306
Heather N. Jones and Andrew B. Mick
ACUTE DACRYOADENITIS 306
Heather N. Jones and Andrew B. Mick
CHRONIC DACRYOADENITIS 308
Heather N. Jones and Andrew B. Mick
DACRYOCYSTITIS 309
Heather N. Jones and Andrew B. Mick
CANALICULITIS 311
Heather N. Jones and Andrew B. Mick
EPIPHORA 312
Heather N. Jones and Andrew B. Mick
OCULAR SURFACE DISEASE 315
Andrew B. Mick and Amber Gaume Giannoni
LACRIMAL TESTS AND PROCEDURES 320
Andrew B. Mick
JONES TEST I AND II 321
Andrew B. MickSCHIRMER TEST I AND II/BASIC SECRETION TEST 321
Andrew B. Mick
PHENOL RED THREAD TEST 322
Andrew B. Mick
ROSE BENGAL DYE TEST 322
Andrew B. Mick
LISSAMINE GREEN DYE TEST 323
Andrew B. Mick
PUNCTAL DILATION 323
Andrew B. Mick
LACRIMAL IRRIGATION 323
Andrew B. Mick
LACRIMAL PROBING 324
Andrew B. Mick
CANALICULOTOMY 324
Heather N. Jones
DACRYOCYSTOGRAPHY 325
Leonid Skorin Jr
DACRYOCYSTORHINOSTOMY 326
Andrew B. Mick
CONJUNCTIVODACRYOCYSTORHINOSTOMY (CDCR, JONES TUBE PROCEDURE) 326
Andrew B. Mick
BALLOON DACRYOCYSTOPLASTY 327
Leonid Skorin Jr
SILICONE TUBE INTUBATION 327
Leonid Skorin Jr
12
Ocular Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
BLUNT TRAUMA 329
Bruce E. Onofrey
CORNEAL ABRASION 335
Bruce E. Onofrey
RECURRENT CORNEAL EROSION 336
Bruce E. Onofrey
SUPERFICIAL OCULAR FOREIGN BODY 338
Bruce E. Onofrey
INTRAOCULAR/INTRAORBITAL FOREIGN BODY 339
Bruce E. Onofrey
CONJUNCTIVAL/CORNEAL LACERATIONS 340
Bruce E. Onofrey
PERIORBITAL ANIMAL BITES 342
Bruce E. OnofreyTRAUMATIC HYPHEMA 344
Nicky R. Holdeman
13
Ocular Emergencies and Urgencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
SUDDEN VISION LOSS 349
Nicky R. Holdeman
ACUTE ANGLE CLOSURE 353
Fiaz Zaman and Bruce E. Onofrey
TOPIRAMATE SECONDARY ANGLE CLOSURE 355
Bruce E. Onofrey
CHEMICAL INJURIES 356
Nicky R. Holdeman
ORBITAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME 362
Nicky R. Holdeman
CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION 365
Nicky R. Holdeman
14
Systemic Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
SYSTEMIC EMERGENCIES IN AN OFFICE-BASED PRACTICE 369
Nicky R. Holdeman
HYPOGLYCEMIA 371
Nicky R. Holdeman
CHOKING/AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION 375
Nicky R. Holdeman
SYNCOPE 376
Nicky R. Holdeman
ANAPHYLAXIS (ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK) 379
Nicky R. Holdeman
CHEST PAIN (ANGINA PECTORIS AND ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION) 384
Nicky R. Holdeman
15
Brain Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
LOW VISION IN THE PRIMARY CARE PRACTICE 388
Paul B. Freeman
VISUAL FIELD EXPANSION 392
Paul B. Freeman
VISUAL DYSFUNCTION IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 397
Kenneth J. Ciuffreda and Neera Kapoor
VESTIBULAR DYSFUNCTION IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 399
Kenneth J. Ciuffreda and Neera Kapoor
DIPLOPIA 402
Tomohiko Yamada
NYSTAGMUS 409
Richard W. Hertle16
Systemic Disease and the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
DIABETES MELLITUS 421
Nicky R. Holdeman
SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION 437
Nicky R. Holdeman
GRAVES DISEASE AND THYROID-ASSOCIATED OPHTHALMOPATHY 449
Nicky R. Holdeman
LYME DISEASE 459
Nicky R. Holdeman
17
Glaucoma and Related Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
OCULAR HYPERTENSION 465
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA 466
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
NORMAL-TENSION GLAUCOMA 471
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
STEROID-INDUCED GLAUCOMA 473
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
GLAUCOMA ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION 474
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
GLAUCOMATOCYCLITIC CRISIS (POSNER-SCHLOSSMAN SYNDROME) 476
Nicky R. Holdeman and Danica J. Marrelli
NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA 478
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
PIGMENTARY GLAUCOMA 480
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
EXFOLIATIVE GLAUCOMA 482
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA 483
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
LENS-INDUCED SECONDARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA 484
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
ANGLE RECESSION GLAUCOMA 486
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
IRIDOCORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL SYNDROME 487
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
AQUEOUS MISDIRECTION (CILIARY BLOCK GLAUCOMA, MALIGNANT GLAUCOMA) 488
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman
PLATEAU IRIS 489
Danica J. Marrelli and Fiaz Zaman18
Retina and Vitreal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
RETINAL TEAR AND RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT 491
James Singer
DEGENERATIVE RETINOSCHISIS 497
James Singer
POSTERIOR VITREOUS DETACHMENT 501
James Singer
IDIOPATHIC EPIRETINAL MEMBRANES 502
Liliya Sutherland
OCULAR HISTOPLASMOSIS SYNDROME 505
Leonid Skorin Jr
OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS 506
Nicky R. Holdeman
TOXOCARIASIS 512
Nicky R. Holdeman
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION 514
Heba T. Rihani, Matthew Starr, and Sophie J. Bakri
STARGARDT DISEASE 520
Liliya Sutherland
IDIOPATHIC CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY 522
Sergiu D. Picioreanu and Nate Lighthizer
ANGIOID STREAKS 525
Jordan F. Keith
PATHOLOGIC MYOPIA (MYOPIC DEGENERATION) 527
Jordan F. Keith
GYRATE ATROPHY 529
Jordan F. Keith
CHOROIDAL FOLDS 531
Jordan F. Keith
CHOROIDEREMIA 532
Jordan F. Keith
ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE 533
Jordan F. Keith
RETINAL VENOUS OCCLUSIVE DISEASE 536
Jason M. Handza
OCULAR ISCHEMIC SYNDROME 540
Jenny G. Lau and Nate Lighthizer
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 543
Stephanie N. Uchida, Brooke H. Houser, and Nate Lighthizer
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY 550
Jason M. HandzaSICKLE CELL HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES 552
Jordan F. Keith
ACUTE RETINAL NECROSIS (ARN) 554
Jordan F. Keith
RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA 556
Liliya Sutherland
MACULAR HOLE 559
Matthew Starr, Heba T. Rihani, and Sophie J. Bakri
VALSALVA RETINOPATHY 562
Jordan F. Keith
DRUG-RELATED CRYSTALLINE RETINOPATHY 564
Katherine L. Herron and Nate Lighthizer
NON–DRUG-RELATED CRYSTALLINE RETINOPATHY 566
Katherine L. Herron and Nate Lighthizer
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE/CHLOROQUINE RETINOPATHY 568
Cassondra J. Lux-O’Callaghan and Nate Lighthizer
WHITE DOT SYNDROMES 571
Anthony John E. Castanares and Nate Lighthizer
CANCER-ASSOCIATED RETINOPATHY (CAR) 573
James H. Hsiau and Nate Lighthizer
RETINAL ARTERY MACROANEURYSM 575
Megan Jean Chee and Nate Lighthizer
19
Neuro-Ophthalmic Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
PUPIL ABNORMALITIES 578
Leonid Skorin Jr and Bruce G. Muchnick
ADIE TONIC PUPIL 580
Leonid Skorin Jr and Bruce G. Muchnick
ARGYLL ROBERTSON PUPIL 582
Leonid Skorin Jr and Bruce G. Muchnick
CATSCRATCH DISEASE 583
Joseph Sowka and Leonid Skorin Jr
HORNER SYNDROME 585
Leonid Skorin Jr
OCULOMOTOR NERVE PALSY 588
Joseph Sowka and Leonid Skorin Jr
TROCHLEAR NERVE PALSY 591
Joseph Sowka and Leonid Skorin Jr
ABDUCENS NERVE PALSY 593
Joseph Sowka and Leonid Skorin Jr
FACIAL NERVE PALSY 595
Leonid Skorin JrCAVERNOUS SINUS SYNDROME 600
Leonid Skorin Jr and Bruce G. Muchnick
CAROTID ARTERY DISSECTION 602
Michael Doerrler and Bruce G. Muchnick
TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE 604
Lawrence Robbins and Leonid Skorin Jr
MIGRAINE HEADACHE 606
Lawrence Robbins and Leonid Skorin Jr
CLUSTER HEADACHE 609
Lawrence Robbins and Leonid Skorin Jr
SECONDARY HEADACHE 611
Michael Doerrler and Leonid Skorin Jr
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS 615
Leonid Skorin Jr and Bruce G. Muchnick
BLEPHAROSPASM AND HEMIFACIAL SPASM 617
Leonid Skorin Jr
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA 619
Bruce G. Muchnick and Michael Doerrler
TRAUMATIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY 620
Leonid Skorin Jr
OPTIC PITS 622
Joseph Sowka
LEBER HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY 624
Christopher C. Glisson
OPTIC NEURITIS 626
Leonid Skorin Jr
DOMINANT OPTIC NERVE ATROPHY 628
Bruce G. Muchnick
PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI SYNDROME 630
Christopher C. Glisson
OPTIC NERVE HEAD DRUSEN 632
Leonid Skorin Jr
TEMPORAL ARTERITIS (GIANT CELL ARTERITIS) 634
Devany Dougherty, Nate Lighthizer, and Leonid Skorin Jr
NONARTERITIC ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY 637
Leonid Skorin Jr
WALLENBERG SYNDROME 639
Bruce G. Muchnick and Michael Doerrler
PARINAUD SYNDROME 641
Bruce G. Muchnick and Michael Doerrler
VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS 642
Leonid Skorin Jr20
Oculoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
ENTROPION 645
Leonid Skorin Jr and Shoib Myint
TRICHIASIS AND DISTICHIASIS 647
Geoffrey J. Gladstone
ECTROPION 649
Geoffrey J. Gladstone
FLOPPY EYELID SYNDROME 652
John D. Siddens
EYELID PTOSIS 654
John D. Siddens
EYELID AND ADNEXAL LESIONS 657
Leonid Skorin Jr and Shoib Myint
BOTULINUM TOXIN AND FILLER AGENTS 660
Audrey E. Ahuero and Michael P. Gross
21
Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
AMBLYOPIA 664
Catherine E. McDaniel
ESODEVIATIONS 666
Catherine E. McDaniel
EXODEVIATIONS 669
Catherine E. McDaniel
STRABISMUS SYNDROMES 671
Catherine E. McDaniel
LEUKOCORIA 675
Catherine E. McDaniel
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY 678
Nancy Hanna and Casandra Sofia Solis
RETINOBLASTOMA 683
Catherine E. McDaniel
22
Cataract and Refractive Surgery Comanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
CATARACT SURGERY MANAGEMENT 686
Brian Chou and Bruce E. Onofrey
POSTOPERATIVE CATARACT COMPLICATIONS 689
Brian Chou
LASIK MANAGEMENT 694
Brian Chou
KERATOCONUS 700
Brian Chou and Bruce E. OnofreyAPPENDICES
A
Ophthalmic and Medical Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
B
Vertex Conversion Chart/Dioptic Conversion Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
C
Telephone Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719