Child and Family Health Nursing in Australia and New Zealand with VST eBook

Unit 1
Child and family health nursing practice 1

CHAPTER 1
A framework for child and family health nursing 1
Definitions 1
Goals and standards of child and family health nursing 2
Child and family health nursing standards 3
A framework for child and family health nursing 5
A changing discipline 7
Advanced-practice roles for nurses in child and family health 13
Legal considerations of maternal-child practice 14
Ethical considerations of practice 14

CHAPTER 2
Sociocultural aspects of child and family health nursing 18
Indigenous peoples 19
Cultural safety in the New Zealand context 20
Cultural safety in the Australian context 20
Nursing considerations for respecting sociocultural aspects of care 20
Sociocultural differences and implications for diversity
in child and family health nursing 21
Social determinants of health 23
Sociocultural assessment 24

CHAPTER 3
The childbearing and childrearing family 31
Promotion of family health 32
The family 33
Family functions and roles 35
Assessment of family structure and function 43

CHAPTER 4
Promoting family health in the community 49
Primary healthcare, a social model of health for families and communities 49
The family as part of a community 50
Community assessment 51
Family health assessment 51
The role of nurses in community and family health 52
Promoting healthy families 54
Community development and mobilisation 55
Service provision to promote healthy families and communities 56

Unit 2
The nursing role in preparing families for childbearing and childrearing 59

CHAPTER 5
The nursing role in reproductive and sexual health 59
Reproductive and sexual health promotion 60
Education about menstruation 61
Menopause 62
Sexuality and sexual identity 62
Human sexual response 64
Disorders of sexual functioning 67

CHAPTER 6
Assisting the family with contraception planning 70
Contraceptive planning 70
Methods of contraception 71
Elective termination of pregnancy (induced abortion) 82

CHAPTER 7
The nursing role in genetic assessment and counselling 85
Genetic assessment and counselling 85
Genetic disorders 86
Genetic counselling 87
Common chromosomal disorders resulting in physical or
cognitive developmental disorders 93

CHAPTER 8
Nursing care of the infertile couple 97
For the couple with infertility 97
Infertility 98
Fertility assessment 101
Infertility management 104
Alternatives to childbirth 108

U nit3
Caring for families during normal pregnancy, birth, the postpartum
and newborn period 111
CHAPTER 9
The growing fetus 111
To help ensure fetal health 112
Stages of fetal development 112
Embryonic and fetal structures 114
Origin and development of organ systems 117
Milestones of fetal growth and development 121
Determination of estimated birth date 123
Assessment of fetal growth and development 123

CHAPTER 10
Psychological and physiological changes of pregnancy 127
Healthy adaptation to pregnancy 128
Psychological changes of pregnancy 128
Psychological tasks of pregnancy 130
Diagnosis of pregnancy 136
Physiological changes of pregnancy 139

CHAPTER 11
Assessing fetal and maternal health: Antenatal care 150
Antenatal care 151
Health promotion during pregnancy 151
Health assessment during the first antenatal visit 151
Signs indicating complications of pregnancy 161

CHAPTER 12
Promoting fetal and maternal health 165
Health promotion of a fetus and mother 165
Health promotion during pregnancy 167
Preventing fetal exposure to teratogens 174
Preparation for labour 177

CHAPTER 13
Promoting nutritional health during pregnancy 179
Promoting nutritional health in a pregnant woman 179
Relationship of maternal nutrition to infant health 180
Assessment of nutritional health 186
Promoting nutritional health during pregnancy 186

CHAPTER 14
Preparing a family for childbirth and parenting 190
Childbirth and parenting education 190
Childbirth education 191
The childbirth plan 193
Antenatal classes 193
Exercise during pregnancy 194
The birth setting 196
Alternative methods of birth 199

CHAPTER 15
Woman-centred care during labour and birth 201
Onset of labour 202
Signs of labour 202
Components of labour 205
Stages of labour 210
Maternal and fetal responses to labour 211
Danger signs in labour 214
Maternal and fetal assessment during labour 215
Support of a woman during the first stage of labour 218
Care of a woman during the second stage of labour 221
The third and fourth stages of labour 222
Unique concerns of a woman in labour 223

CHAPTER 16
Providing comfort during labour and birth 226
Women working with pain in labour 227
Interventions for women in labour 228

CHAPTER 17
Nursing care of a postnatal family 234
Caring for a postnatal woman and family 234
Psychological changes of the postnatal period 235
Physiological changes of the postnatal period 238
Nursing care of a woman and family during the first 24 hours after birth 243
Nursing care of a woman and family in preparation for discharge 247
Nursing care of a woman and family after discharge 249
Nursing care of a postnatal woman and family with unique needs 249

CHAPTER 18
Nursing care of a family with a newborn 252
Health promotion of the term newborn 252
Profile of a newborn 253
Appearance of a newborn 261
Assessment for wellbeing 270
Care of a newborn at birth 271
Nursing care of a newborn and family in the postpartum period 274

CHAPTER 19
Nutritional needs of a newborn 279
Promoting nutritional health in a newborn 279
Nutritional allowances for a newborn 280
Breastfeeding 282
Artificial feeding 291
Discharge planning 294

Unit4
Caring for a family when pregnancy, birth or the postnatal period
becomes complex 297
CHAPTER 20
Care of a family experiencing a pregnancy complication
from a pre-existing or newly acquired condition 297
Care of a woman with a pre-existing or newly acquired illness 298
Identifying a high-risk pregnancy 298
Cardiovascular disorders and pregnancy 298
Haematological disorders 305
Renal and urinary disorders 307
Respiratory disorders 309
Rheumatic disorders 311
Systemic lupus erythematosus 311
Gastrointestinal disorders 312
Epilepsy 313
Multiple sclerosis 314
Endocrine disorders 314
Mental illness 320

CHAPTER 21
Sudden pregnancy complications 325
Care of a woman who develops a complication of pregnancy 325
Bleeding during pregnancy 325
Preterm labour 339
Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) 342
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 344
Multiple pregnancy 350
Polyhydramnios 351
Oligohydramnios 352
Post-term pregnancy 352
Isoimmunisation (Rh incompatibility) 352
Pregnancy loss 353
CHAPTER 22
Care of a pregnant family with special needs 359
Care of a pregnant woman with special needs 360
The pregnant adolescent 361
The pregnant woman over age 40 365
The pregnant woman who is physically or cognitively challenged 367
A woman who is substance dependent 371
Trauma and pregnancy 374

CHAPTER 23
Care of a family experiencing a complication of labour or birth 379
Variations in the rhythm of labour 379
Anomalies of the placenta and cord 398

CHAPTER 24
Care of a family during caesarean birth 403
A woman having a caesarean birth 403
Caesarean birth 404
Effects of surgery on a woman 405
Care of a woman anticipating a caesarean birth 406
Care of a woman having an emergency caesarean birth 409
Intraoperative care measures 409
Postpartum care measures 412

CHAPTER 25
Care of a family experiencing a postpartum complication 419
A woman experiencing a postpartum complication 421
Postpartum infection 426
Thrombophlebitis 428
Mastitis 430
Urinary system disorders 430
Reproductive system disorders 431
Emotional and psychological complications of the postpartum period 432

CHAPTER 26
Nursing care of a family with a high-risk newborn 436
Family of a high-risk newborn 436
Newborn priorities in the first days of life 437
The newborn at risk because of altered gestational age or birth weight 442
Illness in the newborn 449

CHAPTER 27
Care of the child born with a physical or developmental challenge 457
Care of the child born with a physical or developmental challenge 457
Immediate care at the birth of an infant born physically or
developmentally challenged 458
Physical and developmental disorders of the gastrointestinal system 459
Physical and developmental disorders of the nervous system 472
Physical and developmental disorders of the skeletal system 479

Unit5
The nursing role in health promotion for a childrearing family 489
CHAPTER 28
Principles of growth and development 489
Promotion of normal growth and development 489
Growth and development and the role of the nurse 490
Principles of growth and development 491
Factors influencing growth and development 491
Theories of development 497

CHAPTER 29
Nursing care of a family with an infant 507
Healthy development of an infant 507
Growth and development of an infant 508
Health promotion for an infant and family 519

CHAPTER 30
Nursing care of a family with a toddler 532
Healthy development of a toddler 532
Growth and development of a toddler 533
Health promotion for a toddler and family 537

CHAPTER 31
Nursing care of a family with a preschool child 548
Healthy development of the preschooler 548
Growth and development of a preschooler 549
Health promotion for a preschooler and family 553

CHAPTER 32
Nursing care of a family with a school-aged child 564
Healthy development of a school-aged child 564
Growth and development of a school-aged child 565
Health promotion for a school-aged child and Family 573

CHAPTER 33
Nursing care of a family with an adolescent 587
Healthy development of an adolescent 587
Growth and development of an adolescent 588
Health promotion for an adolescent and family 592

CHAPTER 34
Child health assessment 609
Health assessment of the child and family 610
Health history: Establishing a database 610
Nursing assessment 614
Immunisation status 622

CHAPTER 35
Communication and teaching with children and families 630
Communication 631
Health teaching in a changing healthcare environment 637
Developing and implementing a teaching plan 641
Health teaching for a surgical experience 645

Unit6
The nursing role in supporting the health of ill children and
their families 649
CHAPTER 36
Nursing care of a family with an ill child 649
Nursing an ill child 650
The meaning of illness to children 651
Care of the ill child and family in the hospital 653
Nursing responsibilities for care of an ill child and family 660
Play 664

CHAPTER 37
Nursing care of a family when a child needs diagnostic or
Therapeutic modalities 670
Children requiring diagnostic or therapeutic procedures 670
Nursing responsibilities with diagnostic and therapeutic techniques 671
Measuring vital signs 674
Reducing elevated temperature in children 675
Common diagnostic procedures 676
Collecting specimens for analysis 678
Measuring fluid intake and output 681
Supplemental feeding 681
Assistance with elimination 683
Wound care 684

CHAPTER 38
Nursing care of a family when a child needs medication
administration or intravenous therapy 687
The child needing medication/intravenous therapy 688
Medication administration 688
Intravenous therapy 694

CHAPTER 39
Pain management in children 700
Children and pain 700
Assessing the type and degree of pain 701
Pain assessment 703
Pain management 705
Non-pharmacological pain management 706
Pharmacological pain relief 708
Ongoing pain relief 710

Unit7
The nursing role in restoring and maintaining the health of
children and families with physiological disorders 713
CHAPTER 40
Nursing care of a family when a child has a respiratory disorder 713
Caring for a child with a respiratory disorder 714
Respiratory tract differences in children 714
Assessing respiratory illness in children 715
Health promotion 718
Therapeutic techniques used in the treatment of respiratory
illness in children 719
Disorders of the upper respiratory tract 723
Disorders of the lower respiratory tract 729

CHAPTER 41
Nursing care of a family when a child has a cardiovascular
disorder 739
Care of a child with a cardiovascular disorder 739
Assessment of heart disorders in children 740
Health promotion 744
Nursing care of the child with a cardiac disorder 745
Congenital heart disorders 750
Acquired heart disease 753
Cardiopulmonary arrest 756

CHAPTER 42
Nursing care of a family when a child has an immune disorder 761
The child with immunodeficiency 761
The immune system and immune response 762
Immunodeficiency disorders 763
Allergies 763
Atopic disorders 766
HIV infection and aids 769
Medication and food allergies 770
Stinging insect hypersensitivity 772
Contact dermatitis 772
Management of immune disorders 773

CHAPTER 43
Nursing care of a family when a child has an infectious disorder 777
A child with an infectious disorder 777
The infectious process 778
Health promotion 779
Caring for the child with an infectious disease 780
Viral infections 781
Bacterial infections 785
Other infectious pathogens 788

CHAPTER 44
Nursing care of a family when a child has a haematological
disorder 793
Anatomy and physiology of the haematopoietic system 793
Haematological disorders in children 794
Assessment of and therapeutic techniques for
haematological disorders 795
Health promotion 798
Disorders of the red blood cells 799
Disorders of the white blood cells 804
Disorders of blood coagulation 805

CHAPTER 45
Nursing care of a family when a child has a gastrointestinal
disorder 811
The child with a gastrointestinal disorder 811
Health promotion 813
Fluid, electrolyte and acid–base imbalances 813
Common gastrointestinal symptoms of illness in children 814
Common disorders of the stomach and duodenum 817
Hepatic disorders 820
Liver transplantation 822
Intestinal disorders 823
Disorders of the lower bowel 826
Disorders caused by food, vitamin and mineral deficiencies 830

CHAPTER 46
Nursing care of a family when a child has a renal or urinary
tract disorder 834
Care of a child with a renal or urinary tract disorder 834
Anatomy and physiology of the kidneys 835
Assessment of renal and urinary tract Dysfunction 836
Structural abnormalities of the urinary tract 839
Infections of the urinary system and related disorders 839
Disorders affecting normal urinary elimination 841
Therapeutic measures for the management of renal disease 847
Kidney transplantation 849

CHAPTER 47
Nursing care of a family when a child has a reproductive disorder 853
Care of a child with a reproductive disorder 853
Assessing reproductive disorders in children 854
Health promotion 854
Disorders caused by altered reproductive development 856
Reproductive disorders in males 856
Reproductive disorders in females 858
Sexually transmitted infections 863

CHAPTER 48
Nursing care of a family when a child has an endocrine or a
Metabolic disorder 871
Care of a child with an endocrine or metabolic disorder 871
Health promotion 873
Pituitary gland disorders 873
Thyroid gland 875
Thyroid gland disorders 875
The adrenal gland 876
Adrenal gland disorders 876
The pancreas 877
The parathyroid glands 882
Metabolic disorders 883

CHAPTER 49
Nursing care of a family when a child has a neurological disorder 887
Care of a child with a neurological system disorder 887
Assessing the child with a neurological disorder 888
Health promotion 894
Increased intracranial pressure 895
Neural tube disorders 898
Neurocutaneous syndromes 898
Cerebral palsy 898
Infection 901
Inflammatory disorders 904
Paroxysmal disorders 905
Ataxic disorders 910
Spinal cord injury 910

CHAPTER 50
Nursing care of a family when a child has a vision or hearing
disorder 916
Health promotion 916
Vision 917
Disorders that interfere with vision 918
Structural problems of the eye 920
Infection or inflammation of the eye 922
Traumatic injury to the eye 922
Inner eye conditions 924
The child undergoing eye surgery 925
Structure and function of the ears 925
Disorders of the ear 926
The hospitalised child with hearing impairment 929

CHAPTER 51
Nursing care of a family when a child has a musculoskeletal
disorder 932
Care of a child with a musculoskeletal disorder 932
The musculoskeletal system 934
Assessment of musculoskeletal function 934
Health promotion 935
Therapeutic management of musculoskeletal disorders
in children 935
Disorders of bone development 942
Infectious and inflammatory disorders of the bones and joints 946
Disorders of skeletal structure 947
Disorders of the joints and tendons: Collagen-vascular disease 952
Disorders of the skeletal muscles 954
Injuries of the extremities 957
CHAPTER 52
Nursing care of a family when a child has an unintentional injury 964
Care of a child with an unintentional injury 964
Head trauma 966
Abdominal trauma 970
Dental trauma 971
Near drowning 971
Poisoning 971
Foreign body obstruction 973
Bites 973
Thermal injuries 975

CHAPTER 53
Nursing care of a family when a child has cancer 982
Care of a child with cancer 982
Health promotion 983
Neoplasia 983
Assessing children with cancer 985
Overview of cancer treatment measures used with children 985
The leukaemias 990
The lymphomas 993
Neoplasms of the brain 994
Bone tumours 995
Other childhood neoplasms 996

Unit8
The nursing role in restoring and maintaining the mental health
Of young people and families 1001
CHAPTER 54
Nursing care of a family when a young person has an intellectual
or a mental health disorder 1001
Care of a young person with an intellectual or mental disorder 1002
Classification of mental health disorders 1003
Neurodevelopmental disorders 1003
Tic disorders 1009
Disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders 1010
Anxiety disorders 1011
Feeding and eating disorders 1013
Elimination disorders 1015
Psychiatric disorders affecting children and young people 1015

CHAPTER 55
Nursing care of a family in crisis: Abuse and violence in the family 1019
Care of a family that experiences abuse 1020
Health promotion and prevention 1021
Child abuse 1021
Sexual abuse 1025
Domestic violence 1027

CHAPTER 56
Nursing care of a family when a child has a long-term or
terminal illness 1030
The child with a long-term illness 1030
The child who is terminally ill 1033
APPENDIX A: Drug effects in pregnancy and breastfeeding 1041
APPENDIX B: Growth charts 1044
APPENDIX C: Denver II 1052
APPENDIX D: PEDS 1054
APPENDIX E: Healthy eating for children 1058
APPENDIX F: Australian Guide to Healthy Eating 1059
APPENDIX G: Pulse, respiration and blood pressure values 1060
APPENDIX H: Standard infection guidelines 1061
APPENDIX I: Primary and secondary skin lesions 1064

Glossary 1069
Index  1081

• Comprehensive discussion of all facets of child and family health nursing
• A sensitive, holistic outlook on nursing practice
• A primary healthcare model that promotes wellness with individuals, families and communities
• A strong focus on communication, therapeutic intervention, evidence-based practice and critical thinking
• An emphasis on individualised, person-centred care, the perception of pregnancy and childbirth as periods
of wellness, the importance of meeting the needs of a culturally diverse population and the value of a
partnership between nurses and clients in the management of health and illness
• Follows the family from the pregnancy period through labour, delivery and the postpartal period and then
follows the child from birth through to adolescence
• Designed for undergraduate students, as well as for practising nurses who are expanding their knowledge