The Cleveland Clinic Cardiology Board Review

CONTENTS
Contributing Authors vi
Preface xi
I
FUNDAMENTALS 1
1 How to Pass the Cardiovascular Disease Board
Examination 1
John Rickard and Grant W. Reed
2 Cardiac Physical Examination 4
Craig R. Asher
3 Cardiac Anatomy 26
Samir R. Kapadia and Nishant P . Shah
4 Cardiovascular Physiology: Flow–Volume Loops 37
Richard D. Meredith and Michael D. Faulx
5 Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology 49
Patrick J. Tchou
6 Cardiac Biochemistry 56
Robert A. Koeth and Venu Menon
7 Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics 63
Sneha Vakamudi and Paul C. Cremer
II
CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING AND STRESS
TESTING 71
8 Chest Radiography for the Cardiovascular
Medicine Boards 71
Albree Tower-Rader and Michael A. Bolen
9 Doppler Echocardiography 85
Bo Xu and Christine Jellis
10 Electrocardiographic Stress Testing 98
Philip Aagaard and Haitham Ahmed
11 Stress Echocardiography 106
Abhinav Sharma and L. Leonardo Rodriguez
12 Nuclear Cardiac Imaging: A Primer 114
Aldo L. Schenone, Paul C. Cremer, and Wael A. Jaber
13 Cardiac MRI and CT 132
James L. Gentry III and Milind Y. Desai
III
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE AND
CARDIOMYOPATHY 153
14 Pathophysiology of Heart Failure 153
Varinder Kaur Randhawa, Ashley Bock, and J. Emanuel Finet
15 Medical Treatment of Heart Failure 164
Chonyang L. Albert and Jerry D. Estep
16 Heart Transplantation 180
Kartik S. Telukuntla, Matthew Gonzalez, and Eileen Hsich
17 Devices for Heart Failure 198
Pavan Bhat and Maria M. Mountis
18 Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy 212
Zachary J. Il’Giovine and Sanjeeb Bhattacharya
19 Pulmonary Hypertension 225
Kartik S. Telukuntla and Miriam Jacob
20 Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection
Fraction 239
Albree Tower-Rader and Allan L. Klein
21 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 250
Sneha Vakamudi and Harry M. Lever
IV
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 265
22 Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult 265
Joshua Saef and Joanna Ghobrial
23 Echocardiography in Congenital Heart
Disease 283
Serge C. Harb and Christine Jellis
V
CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY 303
24 Twelve-Lead Electrocardiography 303
Peter T. Hu and Ajay Bhargava
25 Electrophysiologic Testing, Including His Bundle
and Other Intracardiac Electrograms 365
Kevin M. Trulock and Thomas D. Callahan IV26 Sudden Cardiac Death and Ventricular
Tachycardia 390
Cameron T. Lambert, Daniel J. Cantillon, and Oussama Wazni
27 Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter 400
Ayman A. Hussein and Mohamed Kanj
28 Supraventricular Tachycardias 417
Andrew E. Noll and Mandeep Bhargava
29 Wide Complex Tachycardia: Ventricular
Tachycardia versus Supraventricular
Tachycardia 430
Adam Grimaldi and Walid Saliba
30 Pacemakers and Defibrillators 445
Divyang Patel, Bruce L. Wilkoff, and Khaldoun G. Tarakji
31 Syncope 461
Erika Hutt-Centeno, Jeffrey S. Hedley, and Kenneth A. Mayuga
VI
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE 473
32 Aortic and Pulmonary Valve Disease 473
Richard D. Meredith, Amar Krishnaswamy, and Brian P . Griffin
33 Mitral Valve and Tricuspid Valve Disease 488
Bo Xu and Serge C. Harb
34 Infective Endocarditis 509
Andrew R. Higgins and Steven M. Gordon
35 Prosthetic Valve Disease 522
Preethi Mani and Paul C. Cremer
VII
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND CARDIAC
CATHETERIZATION 533
36 Evaluation of Chest Discomfort 533
David M. Nemer and Wael A. Jaber
37 Coronary Artery Disease: Epidemiology 543
Calvin Chen Sheng and Leslie Cho
38 Stable Angina: Diagnosis, Risk Stratification,
Medical Therapy, and Revascularization
Strategies 554
Chetan P . Huded and Conrad C. Simpfendorfer
39 Unstable Coronary Syndrome 576
Jonathan D. Hansen and A. Michael Lincoff
40 Acute Myocardial Infarction 595
Venu Menon and Chetan P . Huded
41 Complications of Myocardial Infarction 614
Thomas M. Das and Venu Menon
42 Risk Stratification and Post–Myocardial Infarction
Therapy 631
Nyal E. Borges and Samir R. Kapadia
43 Radiation Safety in the Cardiac Catheterization
Laboratory 646
Rayji S. Tsutsui and Samir R. Kapadia
44 Hemodynamic Measurements 658
Jeffrey E. Rossi and Amar Krishnaswamy
45 Catheterization Laboratory Imaging and
Functional Assessment 675
Anirudh Kumar and Samir R. Kapadia
46 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 689
Claire E. Raphael and Stephen G. Ellis
VIII
AORTA/PERIPHERAL VASCULAR HEART
DISEASE 711
47 Diseases of the Aorta 711
Grant Henderson and Vidyasagar Kalahasti
48 Venous Thromboembolism 725
Erika Hutt-Centeno and Marcelo Gomes
49 Peripheral Artery Disease 743
Nikolaos Spilias and Joseph D. Campbell
50 Carotid Disease 757
Jimmy Kerrigan, Deborah Kerrigan, and Joseph D. Campbell
IX
CLINICAL AND PREVENTATIVE
CARDIOLOGY 777
51 Hallmarks of Primary and Secondary
Hypertension 777
Luke J. Laffin and Leslie Cho
52 The Dyslipidemias 798
Nishant P . Shah and Leslie Cho
53 Preoperative Evaluation of Cardiac Patients for
Noncardiac Surgery 819
Laura Young and Ajay Bhargava
54 Pregnancy and Heart Disease 829
Zarina M. Sharalaya and Russell E. Raymond
55 Women and Heart Disease 845
Ashley Bock and Leslie Cho56 Pericardial Diseases 857
Michael Chetrit and Allan L. Klein
57 Effects of Systemic Diseases on the Heart and
Cardiovascular System 870
Jeffrey S. Hedley and Michael D. Faulx
58 Cardiac Neoplasms 882
Eoin Donnellan and Brian P . Griffin
X
PHARMACOLOGY 891
59 Cardiovascular Drug Interactions 891
Aldo L. Schenone and Michael A. Militello
XI
MISCELLANEOUS 901
60 Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Defect
Closure 901
Kara Denby, Anirudh Kumar, and Joanna Ghobrial
61 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement 910
Grant W. Reed, Samir R. Kapadia, and Amar Krishnaswamy
62 Percutaneous Mitral Interventions 922
Vinayak Nagaraja and Samir R. Kapadia
63 Genetics and Heart Disease 934
Kartik S. Telukuntla, Christina Rigelsky, and Kenneth G. Zahka
64 Summary of Important Guidelines 943
Vinayak Nagaraja and Samir R. Kapadia
65 Sports Cardiology 948
Kyle Mandsager and Dermot Phelan
66 Cardio-oncology 959
Eoin Donnellan, Muzna Hussain, and Patrick Collier
Appendix (Common Formulae) 967
Shady Nakhla and Venu Menon
Index 971