PA Review for the PANCE

CONTENTS
Pr ef ace and Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Contributor s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix R ena l a nd U rina r y T ra ct Disor d er s . . . . . . . 1 Eric Cucchi • Ther esa Riethle Urethritis..............................................1
Cystitis................................................2
Pyelonephritis .........................................2
Nephrolithiasis ........................................3
Ureteral Stones ........................................4
Urinary Incontinence...................................4
Cystic Diseases of the Kidney............................5
Renovascular Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Acute Kidney Injury ....................................6
Chronic Kidney Disease.................................7
Glomerulonephritis ....................................8
Nephrotic Syndrome ...................................9
Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis..................... 10
Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis .................. 11
Hematuria........................................... 12
Hyponatremia ....................................... 12
Hypernatremia....................................... 14
Hypokalemia ........................................ 15
Hyperkalemia........................................ 16
Disorders of Calcium ................................. 16
Disorders of Phosphorus ............................. 18
Disorders of Magnesium.............................. 19
Acid–Base Disturbances .............................. 20
Hema tologic Disor d er s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Eliza beth Quinlan-Bohn Anemia.............................................. 26
Malignant Diseases................................... 33
Platelet Disorders .................................... 42
Factor Deficiencies ................................... 44
Hypercoagulability ................................... 46
Other Disorders...................................... 48
Pulmo na r y Disor d er s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Robin Risling Pulmonary Thromboembolism........................ 54
Bronchogenic Carcinoma (Lung Cancer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Mediastinal Diseases ................................. 56
Pleural Effusion...................................... 57
Pneumothorax ....................................... 59
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ............... 59
Asthma.............................................. 61
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ..................... 64
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ............................... 66
Pneumonia and Infections of the Lung................. 67
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease (Also Called ILD) ... 70
Respiratory Failure ................................... 71
Pulmonary Function and Diagnosis (Figure 3–1) ....... 73
Ga str ointestina l Disor d er s . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 J ulie J . Kinzel • Rosalie G . Coppola Disorders of the Esophagus ........................... 79
Disorders of the Stomach and Intestines ............... 83
Anorectal Disorders .................................. 90
Disorders of the Liver and Pancreas .................... 92
Envir onmental Emer g encies . . . . . . . . . . 101 Colleen M . K ennedy • Char les Str eam Venomous Bites and Stings .......................... 101
Near-Drowning ..................................... 103
Lightning Injuries................................... 104
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ......................... 104
Burns .............................................. 104
Mushroom and Plant Poisoning...................... 106
Cold Emergencies ................................... 106
Heat Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Infectious Diseases .................................. 108
Geria tric U pd a te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Ma tt Dane Bak er • Michele Za w ora Demography of Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Health Status of Seniors ............................. 110
Age-Related Changes ................................ 110
Geriatric Assessment ................................ 111
Geriatric Syndromes................................. 111
Hea r t and Blo o d V essel Disor d er s . . . . . 128 Ma tt Dane Bak er • J esse Coale Heart Failure (HF) .................................. 128
Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) or CAD with
Angina Pectoris ................................... 132
Acute Myocardial Infarction ......................... 134
Pericarditis ......................................... 135
Valvular Heart Disease............................... 136
Aortic Aneurysm .................................... 140
Aortic Dissection.................................... 141
Rheumatic Fever and Heart Disease................... 141
Infective Endocarditis ............................... 142
Chronic Occlusive Arterial Disease/PAD .............. 143
Acute Arterial Occlusion............................. 144
Varicose Veins....................................... 144
Chronic Venous Insufficiency ........................ 145
Superficial Thrombophlebitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
1 5 6 7 2 3 4DVT and Thrombophlebitis/Venous
Thromboembolic Disease.......................... 145
Hyperlipidemia and Dyslipoproteinemia .............. 146
Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Congenital Heart Disease ............................ 148
Giant Cell Arteritis (Also Called Cranial Arteritis and
Temporal Arteritis)................................ 150
Conduction Disorders ............................... 150
Cardiac Dysrhythmias ............................... 152
Beha vio ra l Diso r d er s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Ann McDonough Mad den • R y an J . Clanc y Childhood Disorders ................................ 161
Eating Disorders .................................... 166
Personality Disorders................................ 167
Mood Disorders .................................... 174
Anxiety Disorders ................................... 179
Psychotic Disorders ................................. 186
Delirium and Major Neurocognitive Disorder
(Dementia) ....................................... 190
Substance-Related Disorders ......................... 193
Specific Substance-Use and Substance-Induced
Disorders ........................................ 194
End o crine Diso r d er s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Ellen D . F eld • Daniela Cheles-Li vingston Pituitary Disorders .................................. 199
Thyroid Disorders................................... 201
Parathyroid Disorders ............................... 205
Metabolic Bone Disorders ........................... 205
Adrenal Cortex Disorders ............................ 207
Disorders of Adrenal Medulla ........................ 209
DM and Hypoglycemia .............................. 210
Obesity............................................. 214
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia........................ 214
Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes ................. 214
Musculo sk eletal Diso r der s . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Allison S . Rusg o • Pa trick C . A uth Infections .......................................... 217
Inflammatory Disorders ............................. 218
Inherited or Developmental Disorders ................ 228
Degenerative Disorders .............................. 233
Trauma ............................................ 236
Other Disorders..................................... 254
Hea d, Ear s , Ey es , No se , a nd Thr oa t Disor d er s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Michelle L . Heinan Eye................................................. 263
Ear................................................. 274
Nose ............................................... 281
Sinuses............................................. 283
Mouth ............................................. 283
Throat ............................................. 287
Neur o logic Disor d er s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Randi Beth Cooper man • Ilaria Gadalla • Sonia V . Otte • Adrian Andr ews
Diseases of Peripheral Nerves ........................ 292
Headaches.......................................... 293
Infectious Disorders................................. 295
Movement Disorders ................................ 298
Vascular Disorders .................................. 300
Other Neurologic Disorders.......................... 302
Sk in Diso r d er s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Me g an Schneider • Diana Smith Eczematous Eruptions............................... 314
Papulosquamous Diseases ........................... 316
Desquamation Diseases ............................. 319
Acneiform Lesions .................................. 320
Neoplasms ......................................... 321
Viral Diseases ....................................... 321
Bacterial Infections.................................. 327
Fungal Infections ................................... 331
Insects/Parasites .................................... 337
Other .............................................. 340
Male R e pr o d ucti v e Disor d er s . . . . . . . . . 345 Janina Iw aszk o Disorders of the Testes .............................. 345
Disorders of the Penis ............................... 348
Disorders of the Prostate ............................ 349
Disorders of Testosterone Secretion .................. 351
F emale R e pr o d uc ti v e Diso r d er s . . . . . . . 353 Janina Iw aszk o Infections (Table 14B–1) ............................. 353
Disorders of the Cervix .............................. 364
Disorders of the Uterus .............................. 364
Disorders of the Ovaries ............................. 365
Disorders of the Breasts ............................. 366
Other Disorders..................................... 366
Menstrual Disorders ................................ 367
Infertility ........................................... 369
Contraceptive Counseling (Table 14B–2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
General Guidelines for Women’s Health
Maintenance ..................................... 374
Management of Pap Smear Results ................... 375
Co mplic a ted Pr e gnanc ies . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Ca therine Now ak • J uanita Gar dner • Nina Multak Rh Alloimmunization ............................... 377
Genitourinary Infections ............................ 378
Genetic/Chromosomal Disorders..................... 379
Abortions .......................................... 380
Ectopic Pregnancy................................... 382
Cervical Insufficiency (Formerly Cervical
Incompetence).................................... 383
Preterm Labor ...................................... 383
Hyperemesis Gravidarum ............................ 384
8 9 12
13
14A
14B
15Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ........................ 384
Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy ................. 386
Preeclampsia........................................ 386
Eclampsia .......................................... 387
Placenta Previa...................................... 388
Abruptio Placentae .................................. 389
Multiple Gestations ................................. 390
Abnormalities of Labor .............................. 391
Malpresentations ................................... 391
Shoulder Dystocia .................................. 392
Postpartum Fever and Sepsis ......................... 392
Postpartum Hemorrhage ............................ 393
Postpartum Depression (Table 15–2) ................. 393
I nfec tious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 W illiam R . Shor t Fungal (Mycotic) Infections .......................... 396
Protozoal Diseases .................................. 399
Viral Infections ..................................... 402
Bacterial Diseases ................................... 409
Rickettsial Diseases.................................. 415
Spirochetal Diseases................................. 416
Helminthic Infestations ............................. 417
Pathogens with Bioterrorism Potential ................ 417
Sur g er y Diso r der s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Abig ail Gonnella • R andi Beth Cooper man • J ustine F ilippelli • J ennifer K ea t-Wysock i • T an y a K on y esni • J ulie Le • Scott Na ples Skin Disorders ...................................... 424
Endocrine Disorders ................................ 426
Disorders of the Breast .............................. 428
Vascular Disorders .................................. 431
Gastrointestinal Disorders ........................... 432
Genitourinary Tract Disorders—Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Genitourinary Tract Disorders—Female ............... 442
Hernia ............................................. 446
Disorders of Bone ................................... 447
Shock .............................................. 448
Trauma ............................................ 450
Nutrition Disorders ................................. 455
Wounds ............................................ 457
Pr e v enti v e Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Par mjeet S . Saini • Pa trick C . A uth Primary Prevention.................................. 461
Children and Adolescents............................ 467
Cancer ............................................. 469
Cardiovascular Disorders ............................ 471
EYE ................................................ 473
Musculoskeletal Disorders ........................... 474
Tertiary Prevention and Disease Management ......... 475
Study a nd T est-T a k ing Stra te gies . . . . . . 478 R ebecca Signor e • Lindsa y Ma tias • V alerie Damon-Leduc How to Study ....................................... 478
Time Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
The Structure of a Study Session ..................... 478
Resource Utilization................................. 479
Study Techniques ................................... 479
The Day of the Test.................................. 480
Pha r mac olog y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 La wr ence P . Car e y • Michael C . Barr os • Michael A . Mancano • Jacqueline A . Theodor ou Pharmacokinetics ................................... 481
Pharmacodynamics “What the Drug
Does to the Body?”................................ 482
Principles of Drug–Drug Interactions ................. 482
Autonomic Agents .................................. 482
Cardiovascular Agents and Antihypertensive Agents.... 484
Anticoagulants...................................... 490
Neurologic Agents .................................. 491
Psychotherapeutic Agents............................ 493
Analgesics .......................................... 495
Pulmonary Agents for Asthma and COPD............. 496
GI Agents .......................................... 497
Endocrine Agents ................................... 499
Anti-infective Agents ................................ 502
Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents......................... 505
P ed ia tric Car e a nd Common Diso r d er s . . 510 P etar Br eiting er Evaluation and Care of the Newborn Infant ........... 510
Common Disorders/Diseases of the Newborn ......... 514
Principles of Health Supervision and Preventive
Care of Children .................................. 517
Genetic Abnormalities............................... 520
Cardiovascular System............................... 524
Pulmonary System .................................. 527
Gastrointestinal System and Nutrition................ 530
Musculoskeletal System ............................. 532
Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat ......................... 533
Neurologic System .................................. 535
Genitourinary System ............................... 537
Dermatologic System................................ 538
Inde x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 16
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