The Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of Pain Management

Contributing Authors iii
Preface xv
SECTION I: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1
Section Editor: Gary J. Brenner
Neurophysiologic Basis of Pain 3
Robert Griffin and Gary J. Brenner
Pain Mechanisms and Their Importance in
Clinical Practice and Research 12
Daniel M. DuBreuil and Brian J. Wainger
Ethics of Pain Management 21
Mark C. Bicket
SECTION II: DIAGNOSIS OF PAIN 27
Section Editors: Brian J. Wainger and James P . Rathmell
The History and Clinical Examination 29
Jan Slezak and Asteghik Hacobian
Assessment of Pain 38
Alyssa A. Lebel
Psychological Assessment of Pain and Headache 60
Ellen S. Patterson, María F. Hernández-Nuño de la Rosa,
Kelly M. Wawrzyniak, and Ronald J. Kulich
Diagnostic Imaging and Pain Management 79
James P . Rathmell
CONTENTS8 Neurophysiologic Testing in Pain Management 91
Kenneth S. Tseng
9 Disability Assessment 102
John W. Burress, Emily J. Burress and Ronald J. Kulich
SECTION III: THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS: PHARMACOLOGIC
APPROACHES 113
Section Editors: Adam J. Carinci, Gary J. Brenner, and
James P . Rathmell
10 Neuropathic Pain Medications 115
Dermot P . Maher and Lucy Chen
11 Opioids 139
Mark A. Hoeft
12 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Medications 151
Dermot P . Maher
13 Psychopharmacology for the Pain Specialist 160
Gregory Acampora
SECTION IV: THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS: INTERVENTIONAL
APPROACHES 177
Section Editors: Christopher Gilligan, Gary J. Brenner, and
James P . Rathmell
14 Epidural Steroid Injection 179
M. Alexander Kiefer and Gary J. Brenner
15 Radiofrequency Procedures for Chronic Pain 192
David E. Jamison and Steven P . Cohen
16 Sympathetic Blocks 206
Christopher Gilligan and Divya Chirumamilla
17 Lumbar Diskography and Intradiscal Treatments 222
Ping Jin, Susie S. Jang, and Christopher GilliganSpinal Cord Stimulation 232
Dermot P . Maher and George Hanna
Peripheral Nerve Blocks 241
Mark J. Young
Implanted Spinal Drug Delivery Systems 250
Dermot P . Maher and George Hanna
Infusion Therapies 257
Michael Hermann, Rebecca L. Wu, and George Hanna
Neurosurgical Interventions for Pain 266
Benjamin L. Grannan
Complications Associated With Interventional
Pain Treatment 274
James P . Rathmell
Fluoroscopy and Radiation Safety 283
M. Alice Vijjeswarapu and James P . Rathmell
Outcome Data and Interventional Pain Medicine 293
Mark C. Bicket
SECTION V: THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS:
NONPHARMACOLOGIC/
NONINTERVENTIONAL APPROACHES 299
Section Editor: Ronald J. Kulich
Behavioral Treatments for Chronic Pain 301
Matthew A. Roselli, Michael E. Schatman,
and Ronald J. Kulich
Physical Therapy 314
Danielle L. Sarno
Myofascial Pain Syndrome and Fibromyalgia:
Evaluation and Treatment 320
Danielle L. Sarno and Gary I. Polykoff
Acupuncture 334SECTION VI: ACUTE PAIN 349
Section Editor: David A. Edwards
30 Adult Postoperative Pain 351
David A. Edwards
31 Postoperative Pain in Children 371
Lane C. Crawford, Alexandra R. Adler,
and Pascal Scemama de Gialluly
32 Care of Burn Patients 390
Amir Mian and Jingping Wang
33 Pain Management for Sickle Cell Disease 394
Qing Yang and Shiqian Shen
34 Pain Management in the Trauma Patient 405
Saad Mohammad and David A. Edwards
SECTION VII: CHRONIC PAIN 411
Section Editor: Brian J. Wainger
35 Neuropathic Pain Syndromes 413
Andrew C. Young and Brian J. Wainger
36 Low Back Pain: Evaluation and Management 424
Moises A. Sidransky and Boris Spektor
37 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 437
Eugenia-Daniela Hord
38 Headache 449
Nathaniel M. Schuster and Brian J. Wainger
39 Orofacial Pain 470
Steven J. Scrivani, Shehryar N. Khawaja, and David A. Keith
SECTION VIII: CANCER PAIN AND PALLIATIVE CARE 491
Section Editor: Mihir M. Kamdar
40 Pain in Adults With Cancer 493
Richard E. Leiter, Mark J. Stoltenberg, and Mihir M. KamdarPediatric Cancer Pain 504
Kevin Madden and Richard D. Goldstein
Palliative Medicine 512
Bethany-Rose Daubman, Leah B. Rosenberg, April Zehm,
and Mihir M. Kamdar
SECTION IX: SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PAIN
MEDICINE 525
Section Editor: Mihir M. Kamdar
Opioids in Chronic Nonterminal Pain 527
Shawn G. Hughes and Rene Przkora
Identifying and Mitigating the Risks of
Long-Term Opioid Treatment 539
Chantal Berna, Ronald J. Kulich, and Karsten
Kueppenbender
Geriatric Pain Management 546
Erin Stevens, Erin Scott, and Mihir M. Kamdar
Management of Noncancer and Chronic Pain
in Children With Life-Threatening Illness 557
Jori F. Bogetz and Richard D. Goldstein
Emergencies in Pain Medicine 568
Lucien C. Alexandre and Christopher Gilligan
Appendix I: Dermatomes and Nerve Distribution 579
Appendix II: Prescription Guidelines 580
Appendix III: Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA) Drug Schedules 594
Appendix IV: Medications Commonly Used in Pain
Practice 586
Paul Guillod and Gary J. Brenner
Appendix V: Definitions and Abbreviations 609