Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology

Contributors
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Acknowledgments

PART I PROSTATE CANCER
1 Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer
Edward Giovannucci, Elizabeth A. Platz, and Lorelei Mucci
2 Genetic Basis of Prostate Cancer
Stacy Loeb and William B. Isaacs
3 Androgen Receptor Signaling in Castration- Resistant Prostate Cancer
Brett S. Carver and Charles L. Sawyers
4 Anatomy and Pathology of Prostate Cancer
4A Anatomy of the Prostate and the Pathology of Prostate Cancer 26
Peter A. Humphrey
4B Prostate Cancer: Molecular Pathology and Biologic Determinants 39
Neil E. Martin and Massimo Loda
4C Ets Genes and Prostate Cancer: Implications for Prognosis and Disease Control
Jeremy P. Clark and Colin S. Cooper
5 Prevention of Prostate Cancer
Barbara Ercole, Javier Hernandez, and Ian M. Thompson, Jr.
6 Screening and Early Detection
6A Early Detection of Prostate Cancer with PSA
Stacy Loeb and William J. Catalona
6B Screening for Prostate Cancer
Freddie C. Hamdy, Jenny L. Donovan, and David E. Neal
7 Prostate Needle Biopsy Techniques and Interpretation
Katsuto Shinohara, Viraj A. Master, Thomas Chi, and Peter R. Carroll
8 Staging Systems for Prostate Cancer
Alison M. Lake and Sam S. Chang
9 Nomograms for Prostate Cancer Decision Making
Andrew J. Stephenson and Michael W. Kattan
10 Imaging in Prostate Cancer
Hebert Alberto Vargas, Amita Shukla-Dave, Oguz Akin, and Hedvig Hricak
11 Treatment of Early Stage Prostate Cancer
11A Quality of Life after Treatment for Early-Stage Prostate Cancer
Mehrdad Alemozaffar and Martin G. Sanda
11B Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer: Rationale, Methods, and Results
Laurence Klotz
11C PLND: Indications for and Technique of Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
Fiona C. Burkhard and Urs E. Studer
11D Radical Prostatectomy for Clinical Stage T1 and T2 Prostate Cancer
James A. Eastham and Peter T. Scardino
11E Treatment of Early-Stage Prostate Cancer: Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy
Karim A. Touijer and Bertrand Guillonneau
11F Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostectomy
Joseph A. Smith, Jr.
11G External Beam Radiotherapy and Brachytherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer
Marisa A. Kollmeier and Michael J. Zelefsky
11H Other Interventions for the Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer
Ryan K. Berglund and J. Stephen Jones
12 Management of High Risk Prostate Cancer
12A Combined Hormone Therapy and Radiation Therapy for High-Risk Prostate Cancer
Michel Bolla and Mack Roach III
12B Surgical Management of High-Risk Adenocarci noma of the Prostate
R. Jeffrey Karnes and Michael L. Blute
13 Treatment of Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer
13A Recurrence Following Radiotherapy: Definitions, Prognosis, and Management
Eric M. Horwitz
13B Salvage Radical Prostatectomy for Recurrence Prostate Cancer After Radiation Therapy
James A. Eastham
13C Salvage Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer
Ryan J. Burri and Richard G. Stock
13D Recurrence Following Radical Prostatectomy: Definitions and Management
Lionel L. Bañez, Stephen J. Freedland, and Judd W. Moul
13E Adjuvant and Salvage Radiotherapy, Post-Prostatectomy
Dayssy Alexandra Diaz and Alan Pollack
14 Advanced Prostate Cancer
14A Biology of Bone Metastases in Men with Prostate Cancer
Philip J. Saylor and Matthew R. Smith
14B Initial Management of Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Ajjai S. Alva and Maha Hussain
14C The AR Axis as a Pathogenetic Mechanism and Therapeutic Target Throughout the Clinical States of Prostate Cancer: Opportunities for Second-Line Hormonal Manipulations in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Nicholas Mitsiades, Yu Chen, and Howard I. Scher
14D Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Sonia M. Seng, Mari Nakabayashi, and William K. Oh

PART II BLADDER CANCER AND UPPER TRACT CANCER
15 The Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer
Jian-Min Yuan and Heather H. Nelson
16 Pathology and Cytology of Tumors of the Urinary Tract
Hikmat Al-Ahmadie, Oscar Lin, and Victor E. Reuter
17 Molecular Biology and Prognostic Markers in Bladder Cancer
Anirban P. Mitra, Dan Theodorescu, Seth P. Lerner, Richard J. Cote, and Ram H. Datar
18 Screening, Early Detection, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer
Antonio J. Otero, H. Barton Grossman, and Colin P.N. Dinney
19 Bladder Cancer Staging
Theresa M. Koppie and Bernard H. Bochner
20 Imaging of Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Efrén J. Flores and Mukesh Harisinghani
21 Upper Tract Tumors
21A Management of Upper Tract Tumors
Guilherme Godoy and Seth P. Lerner
21B Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures (Robotic, Laparoscopic, Single-Site) for Treatment of Upper Tract Tumors
David A. Duchene and Howard N. Winfield
22 Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
22A Low-Risk Noninvasive Bladder Cancer
J. Alfred Witjes
22B High-Risk Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Ta High Grade and Carcinoma In Situ
Andrew J. Lightfoot, Henry M. Rosevear, and Michael A. O’Donnell
22C Lamina Propria: Invasive Bladder Cancer (T1)
Guido Dalbagni and Victor E. Reuter
23 Invasive Bladder Cancer
23A Radical Cystectomy and Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
Bernard H. Bochner, Marcus L. Quek, and Donald G. Skinner
23B Role of Radical Cystectomy in Patients with Advanced Bladder Cancer
S. Machele Donat and Harry W. Herr
23C Complications in the Management of Bladder Cancer
Nicholas R. Styn and Cheryl T. Lee
24 Bladder Preservation Strategies for Invasive Bladder Cancer
24A Trimodality Therapy: Selective Bladder Preservation in the Treatment of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Mohamed E. Abazeed, Jason A. Efstathiou, Niall M. Heney, Andrzej Niemierko, Donald S. Kaufman, and William U. Shipley
24B Radical Transurethral Resection of the Bladder and Partial Cystectomy for Invasive Bladder Cancer
Eduardo Solsona
25 Urinary Diversions and Reconstructions
25A Cutaneous Urinary Diversions
G. Joel DeCastro, Michael C. Large, and Gary D. Steinberg
25B Orthotopic Bladder Substitution
William H. Turner, Robert D. Mills, Urs E. Studer, and Richard E. Hautmann
26 Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Chemotherapy in mMuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Cora N. Sternberg
27 Chemotherapy for Metastatic Bladder Cancer, mAlone or in Combination with Other Treatment
Matthew I. Milowsky and Dean F. Bajorin

PART III TESTICULAR CANCER
28 Testicular Cancer: Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Timothy A. Masterson and Stephen D.W. Beck
29 The Epidemiology and Genetics of Sporadic and Hereditary Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
David J. Vaughn, Peter A. Kanetsky, and Katherine L. Nathanson
30 Biology and Genetics of Adult Male Germ Cell Tumors
Darren R. Feldman, Jane Houldsworth, George J. Bosl, and R.S.K. Chaganti
31 Anatomy and Pathology of Testis Cancer
Victor E. Reuter
32 Staging of Testicular Cancer
32A Staging and Imaging in Germ Cell Tumors
Brett S. Carver and Darren R. Feldman
32B The Role of Serum Tumor Markers in the Diagnosis and Management of Testicular Cancer
Lamont J. Barlow and James M. McKiernan
32C Risk Assignment in Advanced Testis Cancer
Dean F. Bajorin
33 Management of Low Stage Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis
33A Management of Low-Stage Testicular Seminoma
Nathan Lawrentschuk and Neil E. Fleshner
33B Management of Low-Stage Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors
Andrew J. Stephenson and Timothy D. Gilligan
33C Radical Orchiectomy and Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
William T. Lowrance and Joel Sheinfeld
33D Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors
Greg Trottier, Octavio A. Castillo, and Antonio Finelli
34 Management of Advanced Germ Cell Tumors
34A Risk-Adapted Therapy of Metastatic Testis Cancer: Good-Risk Patients
Stefan Sleijfer and Ronald de Wit
34B Management of Advanced Germ Cell Tumors: IGCCC Intermediate- and Poor-Risk Patients
Peter S. Grimison and Guy C. Toner
34C Management of Relapsed Germ Cell Tumors
Darren R. Feldman, George J. Bosl, and Robert J. Motzer
34D Role of Postchemotherapy Surgery in Germ Cell Tumors
Hong Gee Sim and Daniel W. Lin
35 Late Events and Long-Term Complications After Treatment for Testicular Cancer
Jan Oldenburg, Hege S. Haugnes, and Sophie D. Fosså
36 Management of Nongerm Cell Testis
Jeffrey M. Holzbeierlein and Michael E. Karellas

PART IV KIDNEY CANCER
37 Signs, Symptoms, and Paraneoplastic Syndromes
David S. Finley, Brian Shuch, and Allan J. Pantuck
38 Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Wong-Ho Chow, Linda M. Dong, and Susan S. Devesa
39 Pathology of Renal Cell Carcinoma
39A Pathology of Sporadic Renal Neoplasms
Victor E. Reuter
39B The Pathology of Hereditary Renal Cell Carcinoma Syndromes
Maria J. Merino
40 Molecular and Clinical Prognostic Factors in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Brian Shuch, David S. Finley, Frederic Pouliot, and Arie S. Belldegrun
41 Genetic Basis of Kidney Cancer
W. Marston Linehan, Ramaprasad Srinivasan, and Laura S. Schmidt
42 Radiologic Imaging of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Its Role in Diagnosis
Peter L. Choyke
43 Management of Small Renal Masses (SRMs)
43A Natural History and Surveillance of Small Renal Masses
Daniel Canter, Alexander Kutikov, Stephen A. Boorjian, and Robert G. Uzzo
43B The Role of Percutaneous Biopsies in Management of Small Renal Masses
Michael J. Leveridge and Michael A.S. Jewett
44 Management of Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma
44A Open Radical Nephrectomy for Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma
Amit R. Patel, Matthew N. Simmons, and Steven C. Campbell
44B Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy
Manish A. Vira and Louis R. Kavoussi
44C Open Partial Nephrectomy
Paul Russo
44D Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy
Manuel S. Eisenberg and Inderbir S. Gill
44E Robotic Partial Nephrectomy
Ronald S. Boris, Gennady Bratslavsky, and Peter A. Pinto
44F Ablation of Small Renal Masses
Avi Beck, Aradhana M. Venkatesan, Bradford J. Wood, and Gennady Bratslavsky
44G Management of Inherited Forms of Renal Cancer
Gennady Bratslavsky, Peter A. Pinto, and W. Marston Linehan
44H Surgical Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Role of Lymphadenectomy
Bradley C. Leibovich
45 Management of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
45A VEGF-Targeted Therapy in the Management of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Jorge A. Garcia and Brian I. Rini
45B mTOR Pathways and mTOR Inhibition in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Daniel C. Cho and Michael B. Atkins
45C Immunotherapy in the Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Sumanta Kumar Pal, Karen Reckamp, Hua Yu, and Robert A. Figlin
45D Surgical Management of Metastatic/Advanced Kidney Cancer
Jose A. Karam and Christopher G. Wood

PART V PENILE CANCER
46 Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Pathology of Penile Cancer
Alcides Chaux and Antonio L. Cubilla
47 Surgical Management of Penile Cancer
Paul Russo and Simon Horenblas
48 Radiation Therapy for Penile Cancer
Juanita M. Crook
49 Chemotherapy for Penile Cancer
Lance C. Pagliaro

PART VI OTHER UROLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
50 Adrenal Neoplasms
Mhd. Yaser Al-Marrawi, Inderbir S. Gill, Ronald M. Bukowski, and Brian I. Rini
51 Diagnosis and Management of Pheochromocytoma
Jay S. Fonte, Jan Breza, W. Marston Linehan, Gennady Bratslavsky, and Karel Pacak
52 Adult Genitourinary Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Paul Russo, Samuel Singer, and Robert Maki
53 Malignant Lymphoma of the Genitourinary Tract
Jeremy S. Abramson and M. Dror Michaelson
54 Cancer of the Urethra
John J. Coen, Anthony H. Russell, and Guido Dalbagni
55 Urachal Carcinoma—Contemporary Surgical Outcomes
Harry W. Herr, Bernard H. Bochner, David Sharp, Guido Dalbagni, and Victor E. Reuter

Index