Operative Techniques in Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery

vii
Contents
14. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Radial Head and
Neck Fractures 127
Rajesh Rangarajan and John M. Itamura
15. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Pediatric T-Condylar
Fractures 138
Keith D. Baldwin and Todd J. Blumberg
16. Supracondylar Humeral Osteotomy for
Correction of Cubitus Varus 147
Tyler J. Stavinoha and Steven L. Frick
17. Humeral Shaft Fracture Stabilization with Elastic Nails 155
J. Eric Gordon
18. Plate Fixation of Humeral Shaft Fractures 163
Eric M. Black, Matthew J. Garberina, and Charles L. Getz
19. Pediatric Proximal Humerus Fractures 172
Craig P. Eberson and Aristides I. Cruz, Jr.
20. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of
Proximal Humerus Fractures 179
Steven F. DeFroda and E. Scott Paxton
21. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of
Clavicular Fractures 191
J. Todd R. Lawrence and Benton E. Heyworth
22. Sternoclavicular Fracture Injury 197
R. Jay Lee and David A. Spiegel
23. Surgical Decompression of the Forearm, Hand, and Digits
for Compartment Syndrome 204
Dipak B. Ramkumar, Niveditta Ramkumar, Marci D. Jones, and
Lance G. Warhold
24. External Fixation and “In? x” of the Pelvis 213
Robert D. Wojahn, Stephen A. Kottmeier, and Reza Firoozabadi
25. Pediatric Hip Fractures 229
Ernest L. Sink and Jeffrey B. Peck
26. Closed Reduction and Spica Casting of
Femur Fractures 237
Alexa J. Karkenny and John M. Flynn
27. Closed Reduction and External Fixation of
Femoral Shaft Fractures 243
Brian R. Piazza and John M. Flynn
28. Flexible Intramedullary Nailing of
Femoral Shaft Fractures 250
Christine M. Goodbody and John M. Flynn
Preface xix
Preface to the Second Edition xxi
Preface to the First Edition xxiii
SECTION I Trauma
1. Percutaneous Treatment of Scaphoid Fractures 1
Seth D. Dodds and Kirsten A. Sumner
2. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Scaphoid Fractures
and Nonunions 10
Kevin Chan, Peter J.L. Jebson, and Levi L. Hinkelman
3. K-wire Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures with and without
External Fixation 21
Christopher Doumas, David Lee, and David J. Bozentka
4. Volar Plating of Distal Radius Fractures 31
John J. Fernandez and David J. Wilson
5. Intramedullary Fixation of Forearm Shaft Fractures 43
Charles T. Mehlman
6. Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Radius and Ulna Shaft
Fractures (Volar and Dorsal Approaches) 55
Joseph T. Labrum IV and Mihir J. Desai
7. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Displaced Lateral
Condyle Fractures of the Humerus 64
Kristan A. Pierz and Brian G. Smith
8. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Fractures of the
Medial Epicondyle 74
Brian G. Smith and Kristan A. Pierz
9. Open Reduction of Supracondylar Fractures
of the Humerus 79
Margaret L. Wright and John M. Flynn
10. Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning of
Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus 83
Kenneth D. Illingworth and David L. Skaggs
11. Acute Monteggia Injuries 93
Laura Lewallen and Christine Ho
12. Reconstruction for Missed Monteggia Lesion 102
Apurva S. Shah and Peter M. Waters
13. Closed, Percutaneous, Intramedullary, and Open Reduction
of Radial Neck Fractures 114
Roger Cornwallviii
Contents
29. Submuscular Plating of Pediatric Femur Fractures 255
Ernest L. Sink and Jeffrey B. Peck
30. Trochanteric Entry Nailing for Pediatric Femoral Shaft
Fractures 261
J. Eric Gordon
31. Distal Femoral Physeal Fractures 272
Arianna Trionfo and Martin J. Herman
32. Pediatric Tibial Fractures 282
Colyn J. Watkins and Benjamin J. Shore
33. External Fixation of the Mature Tibia 290
Midhat Patel and J. Tracy Watson
34. Intramedullary Nailing of the Mature Tibia 309
Daniel S. Horwitz and Erik Noble Kubiak
35. Intramedullary Nailing of the Metaphyseal Proximal and
Distal Fractures of the Mature Tibia 327
Robert Ostrum and Michael Quackenbush
36. Tibial Tuberosity Fractures 337
Brendon C. Mitchell and Eric W. Edmonds
37. Pediatric Ankle Fractures 344
Kathleen D. Rickert and Andrew T. Pennock
38. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Medial and
Lateral Malleoli 358
Christopher Del Balso and David W. Sanders
39. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Pilon 368
Hans P. Van Lancker
40. Surgical Management of Posterior
Malleolus Fractures 389
Malcolm R. DeBaun, L. Henry Goodnough, Sean T. Campbell,
Thomas Githens, and Michael J. Gardner
41. Open and Fluoroscopic Reduction of the
Syndesmosis 398
Elizabeth A. Martin and Paul Tornetta III
42. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Talus 407
Heather A. Vallier
43. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of
Lisfranc Injury 425
Michael P. Clare and Roy W. Sanders
44. Fasciotomy of the Leg for Acute
Compartment Syndrome 435
George Partal, Andrew Furey, and Robert V. O’Toole
SECTION II Arthroscopic and Sports Medicine
45. Elbow Arthroscopy for Panner Disease and
Osteochondritis Dissecans 448
Theodore J. Ganley, Tomasina M. Leska, R. Jay Lee, and
Margaret L. Wright
46. Acute Patellar and Chronic Patellar Instability 455
Eric J. Wall, Jay C. Albright, and Alexia G. Gagliardi
47. Arthroscopy-Assisted Management or Open Reduction and
Internal Fixation of Tibial Spine Fractures 467
Nishank Mehta, Itai Gans, and Theodore J. Ganley
48. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Skeletally
Immature Patient 476
J. Todd R. Lawrence, R. Jay Lee, and Mininder S. Kocher
49. Arthroscopic Drilling and Fixation of
Osteochondritis Dissecans 493
Theodore J. Ganley, Kevin G. Shea, and Nathan L. Grimm
50. Meniscoplasty for Discoid Lateral Meniscus 502
Jay C. Albright
51. Management of Osteochondritis Dissecans and Large
Osteochondral Defects of the Knee 506
Nathan L. Grimm, Kevin G. Shea, and John D. Polousky
52. Shoulder Arthroscopy for Instability 515
Nirav K. Pandya and Jennifer Weiss
53. Meniscus Repair Techniques, Including
Bucket-Handle Tears 526
Matthew D. Milewski, Ryan P. Coene, and Philip L. Wilson
54. Hip Arthroscopy for Cam Femoroacetabular
Impingement 536
Yi-Meng Yen
55. Arthroscopy of the Ankle 544
Jorge I. Acevedo and Peter Mangone
56. Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome 551
Jonathan A. Godin, L. Scott Levin, Bradley L. Young, and
Claude T. Moorman III
SECTION III Reconstruction
57. Femoral Rotational Osteotomy
(Proximal, Midshaft, and Distal) 561
Robert M. Kay and Oussama Abousamra
58. Proximal Femoral Varus Osteotomy Using a
90-Degree Blade Plate 579
Tom F. Novacheck and Andrew G. Georgiadis
59. Treatment of Congenital Femoral De? ciency 585
Dror Paley and Claire Shannon
60. Surgical Repair of Irreducible Congenital
Dislocation of the Knee 615
Matthew B. Dobbs and Evelyn E. Kuong
61. Surgical Management of Blount Disease 621
Philip K. McClure and John E. Herzenberg
62. Percutaneous Distal Femoral or Proximal Tibial
Epiphysiodesis for Leg Length Discrepancy 629
Emily R. Dodwell, Christine M. Goodbody, and Roger F. Widmann
63. Excision of Physeal Bar 637
Anthony A. Stans
64. Repair of Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia with the
Williams Rod 646
Perry L. Schoenecker and J. Eric Gordonix
Contents
65. Limb Lengthening Using the Ilizarov Method or a
Monoplanar Fixator 660
Emily R. Dodwell, Christine M. Goodbody, Arkady Blyakher, and
Roger F. Widmann
66. Lengthening with an Intramedullary Device 673
Christopher Iobst
67. Guided Growth to Correct Limb Deformity 684
Ryan D. Muchow and Kenneth J. Noonan
68. Distal Tibial Osteotomy 694
J. Eric Gordon
69. Multiple Percutaneous Osteotomies and Fassier-Duval
Telescoping Nailing of Long Bones in Osteogenesis
Imperfecta 703
Paul W. Esposito, Maegen Wallace, and François Fassier
70. Syme and Boyd Amputations for Fibular De? ciency 717
Anthony Scaduto and Robert M. Bernstein
71. Below-Knee Amputation 726
Israel Dudkiewicz and Jacob Bickels
72. Above-Knee (Transfemoral) Amputation 732
Israel Dudkiewicz and Jacob Bickels
SECTION IV Neuromuscular Correction
73. Adductor and Iliopsoas Release 738
Tom F. Novacheck and Andrew G. Georgiadis
74. Rectus Femoris Lengthening or Transfer 745
Jon R. Davids
75. Proximal Hamstring and Adductor Lengthening 752
Freeman Miller, Kirk W. Dabney, and Julieanne P. Sees
76. Distal Hamstring Lengthening 756
Jon R. Davids
77. Lengthening of Gastrocnemius Fascia 765
James J. McCarthy and David A. Spiegel
78. Distal Femoral Extension Osteotomy and Patellar
Advancement for Crouch Gait 773
Tom F. Novacheck and Andrew G. Georgiadis
SECTION V Cyst
79. Operative Management of Unicameral Bone Cyst,
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst, and Nonossifying Fibroma 779
Amirhossein Misaghi and Alexandre Arkader
SECTION VI Upper Extremity
80. Release of Simple Syndactyly 787
Andrea S. Bauer and Donald S. Bae
81. Pre- and Postaxial Polydactyly 795
Robert Carrigan
82. Amniotic Band Syndrome 800
Joshua M. Abzug, Casey M. Codd, and Scott H. Kozin
83. Clinodactyly 807
Robert Carrigan
84. Correction of Thumb-in-Palm Deformity in
Cerebral Palsy 810
M. Claire Manske and Michelle A. James
85. Release of the A1 Pulley to Correct Pediatric
Trigger Thumb 819
Roger Cornwall
86. Transfer of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris for
Wrist Flexion Deformity 825
Ann E. Van Heest
87. Radial Dysplasia Reconstruction: Bilobed Flap with Soft
Tissue Rebalancing 830
Carley Vuillermin, Marybeth Ezaki, and Scott N. Oishi
88. Forearm Osteotomy for Multiple Hereditary Exostoses 837
Felicity Fishman and Terry Light
89. Modi? ed Woodward Reconstruction of
Sprengel Deformity 847
Carley Vuillermin and Apurva S. Shah
SECTION VII Spine
90. Release of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle 853
B. David Horn
91. Posterior Cervical Arthrodeses: Occiput–C2 and
C1–C2 860
Jaime A. Gomez, Daniel J. Hedequist, and Michael Glotzbecker
92. Posterior Cervical Fusion with Lateral Mass Screws 874
Jonathan H. Phillips and Lindsay Crawford
93. Posterior Exposure of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine 880
Nicholas Fletcher and A. Noelle Larson
94. Posterior Spinal Fusion for Idiopathic Scoliosis 889
Peter O. Newton and Vidyadhar V. Upasani
95. Posterior Osteotomies of the Spine 897
Arun R. Hariharan and Suken A. Shah
96. Vertebral Column Resection for Severe Rigid Spinal
Deformity through an All Posterior Approach 909
Michael P. Kelly, Lukas P. Zebala, and Lawrence G. Lenke
97. Kyphectomy in Spina Bi? da 921
Richard E. McCarthy
98. Anterior Lumbar Approach 929
James W. Klunk, Brad W. Moatz, and P. Justin Tortolani
99. Anterior Interbody Arthrodesis with Instrumentation
for Scoliosis 937
Daniel J. Sucato
100. Thoracoscopic Release and Fusion for Scoliosis 949
Daniel J. Sucato and Matthew D. Abbott
101. Deformity Correction in Neuromuscular Scoliosis 956
Jason B. Anari and Keith D. Baldwin
102. Pelvic Fixation for Neuromuscular Scoliosis 967
Graham J. Beutler and Paul D. Sponsellerx
Contents
103. Casting for Early-Onset Scoliosis 978
James O. Sanders
104. Growing Rod Instrumentation for Early-Onset
Scoliosis 985
Matthew R. Landrum and John M. Flynn
105. Hemivertebra Excision 994
Daniel J. Hedequist and Michael Glotzbecker
106. Decompression, Posterolateral, and Interbody Fusion for
High-Grade Spondylolisthesis 1002
Chelsea Hendow and Patrick J. Cahill
107. Rib to Pelvis Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib
Insertion to Manage Neuromuscular Scoliosis 1013
Ishaan Swarup, Michael Eby, and Patrick J. Cahill
108. Opening Wedge Thoracoplasty and Vertical Expandable
Prosthetic Titanium Rib Insertion for Congenital Scoliosis
and Fused Ribs 1020
Patrick J. Cahill and Michael S. Hughes
109. Reduction Techniques for Cervical Fractures and
Dislocations 1029
Adam M. Pearson, Keith W. Lyons, and Alexander R. Vaccaro
110. Lumbar Discectomy 1045
Bradley K. Weiner and Rachel Bratescu
SECTION VIII Hip
111. Closed Reduction for Developmental Dysplasia
of the Hip 1053
Wudbhav N. Sankar and Lacey C. Magee
112. Anterior Approach for Open Reduction of the
Developmentally Dislocated Hip 1066
Eduardo Novais and Pedro Justo
113. Medial Approach for Open Reduction of a Developmentally
Dislocated Hip 1078
Jeffrey E. Martus and Lori A. Karol
114. Anterior Drainage of the Septic Hip in Children 1086
Richard M. Schwend
115. Innominate Osteotomy of Salter 1096
Simon P. Kelley and Pablo Castaneda
116. Pericapsular Osteotomies of Pemberton and Dega 1102
Ozgur Dede, Tim Schrader, and W. Timothy Ward
117. Labral Support (Shelf) Procedure for Perthes Disease 1114
J. Richard Bowen and Mihir M. Thacker
118. Triple Innominate Osteotomy 1125
Vidyadhar V. Upasani and Dennis R. Wenger
119. Chiari Medial Displacement Osteotomy of the Pelvis 1136
Travis H. Matheney and Brian Snyder
120. Bernese Periacetabular Osteotomy 1143
Travis H. Matheney and Michael B. Millis
121. Surgical Dislocation of the Hip 1159
Young-Jo Kim
122. Valgus Osteotomy of Proximal Femur 1167
Wudbhav N. Sankar and Ira Zaltz
123. Percutaneous Cannulated Screw Fixation of the Slipped
Capital Femoral Epiphysis 1175
Tim Schrader and Jonathan Schoenecker
124. Flexion Intertrochanteric Osteotomy for Severe Slipped
Capital Femoral Epiphysis 1184
Young-Jo Kim
125. Modi? ed Dunn Procedure for Slipped Capital
Femoral Epiphysis 1190
Wudbhav N. Sankar
126. Treatment of Anterior Femoroacetabular Impingement
through the Mini-Open Anterior Approach 1199
Steven Yacovelli, Diana Bitar, and Javad Parvizi
SECTION IX Foot and Ankle
127. Triple Arthrodesis 1219
R. Justin Mistovich, David A. Spiegel, and James J. McCarthy
128. Calcaneal Lengthening Osteotomy for the Treatment of
Hindfoot Valgus Deformity 1227
Vincent S. Mosca
129. Open Lengthening of the Achilles Tendon 1239
Anna D. Vergun, Craig R. Louer, Jr., and Richard E. Bowen
130. Split Posterior Tibial Tendon Transfer 1246
David A. Spiegel and James J. McCarthy
131. Surgical Correction of Juvenile Bunion 1253
B. David Horn
132. Butler Procedure for Overlapping Fifth Toe 1257
B. David Horn
133. Surgical Treatment of Cavus Foot 1259
Richard M. Schwend and Brad Olney
134. Resection of Calcaneonavicular Coalition 1271
Christine M. Goodbody and David M. Scher
135. Excision of Talocalcaneal Coalition 1277
Christine M. Goodbody and David M. Scher
136. Ponseti Casting 1283
Kenneth J. Noonan
137. Posteromedial and Posterolateral Release for the Treatment
of Resistant Clubfoot 1296
Richard S. Davidson
138. Anterior Tibialis Transfer for Residual
Clubfoot Deformity 1305
Kenneth J. Noonan
139. Treatment of Vertical Talus 1315
Matthew B. Dobbs and Evelyn E. Kuong
140. Open Achilles Tendon Repair 1321
Sameh A. Labib and Rishin J. Kadakia
Index I-1