Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook

VOLUME I
SECTION 1 • EPIDEMIOLOGY AND
PATHOLOGY OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY
Section Editors: Alexis Arzimanoglou, Eleonora Aronica,
Ettore Beghi, Ingmar Blümcke, Torbjörn Tomson,
Harry V. Vinters, Solomon L. Moshé
1 Overview: Epidemiology and Pathology of Seizures
and Epilepsy 1
Solomon L. Moshé, Alexis Arzimanoglou,
W . Allen Hauser
2 Epilepsy: Historical Perspectives 3
Simon Shorvon, Peter Wolf
3 Incidence and Prevalence of Seizures and Epilepsy 8
W. Allen Hauser, Giorgia Giussani, Ettore Beghi
4 Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Low- and Middle-Income
Countries 17
Charles R. Newton
5 Etiology and Risk Factors for Seizures and Epilepsy 22
Symon M. Kariuki, Dale C. Hesdorffer,
Charles R. Newton
6 The Comorbidities in Epilepsy 32
Bastien Rioux, Carol Camfield, Josemir W. Sander,
Mark R. Keezer
7 Natural History and Prognosis of Epilepsy 45
Ettore Beghi, Peter R. Camfield
8 Epidemiology of Acute Symptomatic Seizures 54
W. Allen Hauser, Giorgia Giussani, Ettore Beghi
9 Seizure Precipitants 60
Eylert Brodtkorb, Christian Samsonsen,
Sheryl R. Haut
10 The Mortality of Epilepsy 66
Samden D. Lhatoo, Torbjörn Tomson
11 General Neuropathology of Epilepsy 76
Ingmar Blümcke
12 Neuropathology of Hippocampal Sclerosis 80
Maria Thom, Roland Coras
13 Neuropathology of Developmental Disorders
Associated With Epilepsy 88
Harvey B. Sarnat, Ingmar Blümcke, Hajime Miyata,
Harry V . Vinters
14 Neuropathology of Brain Tumors Associated
With Epilepsy 105
Eleonora Aronica, Albert J. Becker,
Angelika Mühlebner
15 Neuropathology of Vascular Lesions Associated
With Epilepsy 123
Hajime Miyata, Eleonora Aronica
SECTION 2 • GENETICS IN EPILEPSY
Section Editors: Renzo Guerrini, Samuel F. Berkovic,
Ruth Ottman, Jeffrey L. Noebels, Solomon L. Moshé
16 Overview: Genetics in Epilepsy 141
Aristea S. Galanopoulou, Renzo Guerrini
17 Genetic Epidemiology in Epilepsy 142
Colin A. Ellis, Ruth Ottman
18 Genetic Architecture of the Epilepsies 154
Karen L. Oliver, Samuel F. Berkovic
19 Single Gene Epilepsies 160
Valerio Conti, Renzo Guerrini
20 How to Interpret and Act on Clinical Exomes
in Epilepsy 174
Yoshiteru Azuma, Naomichi Matsumoto
21 Familial Epilepsies in the First Year of Life 180
Monica Cooper, Mitsuhiro Kato
22 Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies 185
Amy McTague, Renzo Guerrini
23 Genetic Generalized Epilepsies 199
Antonietta Coppola, Carla Marini
24 Genetic Encephalopathies With Epilepsy as a
Main Feature 211
Andreas Brunklaus, Danique R. M. Vlaskamp,
Floor E. Jansen
25 Genetic Testing and Counseling for the Epilepsies 223
Melissa Wasserstein, Katie Gallagher , Beth Rosen Sheidley
SECTION 3 • NEUROBIOLOGY OF EPILEPSY
Section Editors: Istvan Mody, Annamaria Vezzani, Asla
Pitkänen, Hal Blumenfeld, Ivan Soltesz, Jerome Engel Jr
26 Overview: Neurobiology of Epilepsy 231
Istvan Mody, Ivan Soltesz, Annamaria Vezzani,
Jerome Engel Jr
SUBSECTION 1 • NEURONS AND THEIR
CIRCUITS RELEVANT TO EPILEPSIES
27 Transcriptional Channelopathies in Genetic
and Acquired Epilepsies 232
Mala M. Shah, Douglas A. Coulter
28 Principal Cell Heterogeneity in Malformations
of Cortical Development and Acquired Epilepsy 241
Fraser T. Sparks, Alfonso Represa, Attila Losonczy,
Ivan Soltesz
29 Mechanisms of Neuronal Excitation Leading
to Synchrony 254
Laura A. Ewell, Kevin J. Staley
CONTENTSx Contents
30 Interneuron Diversity in Epilepsy: Challenges
and Progress 264
Carolyn R. Houser, Scott C. Baraban, Günther Sperk
31 Mechanisms of Neuronal Inhibition Leading
to Synchrony 277
Andrew Trevelyan, Kyle P. Lillis
32 Neurons and Circuits During Brain Development 286
Roustem Khazipov, Frances E. Jensen
33 Metabolism, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Epilepsy 295
Manisha Patel, Matthew Walker
34 Dendritic Mechanisms of Excitability 300
Heinz Beck, Yoel Yaari
35 Thalamocortical Organization and Function:
New Insights and Implications for Epilepsy 309
Frances S. Cho, Jeanne T. Paz
36 Mechanisms of Seizure Initiation and Propagation 321
Steven Tobochnik, Pariya Salami, Sydney S. Cash,
Catherine A. Schevon
37 Seizures and Networks in the Human Focal Epilepsies:
Beyond the Animal Models 335
Fabrice Bartolomei, Vadym Gnatkovsky,
Stanislas Lagarde, Marco de Curtis
38 Temporal Coordination: A Key to Understand
Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits in Epilepsy 344
Pierre-Pascal Lenck-Santini, Liset Menendez de la Prida
39 Epilepsy and Consciousness 361
Fabrice Bartolomei, Hal Blumenfeld
SUBSECTION 2 • TECHNICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL ADVANCES FOR
EPILEPSY RESEARCH
40 Activating and Recording Neuronal Ensembles 377
Marco Ledri, Fredrik Berglind, Merab Kokaia
41 Genetically Encoded Probes for Optical Measurement
of Neuronal Excitability and Synchrony 390
Carlos Portera-Cailliau, Istvan Mody
42 Fast Rhythms in Epilepsies 397
Premysl Jiruska, Anatol Bragin, Richard J. Staba
43 Miniaturized Microscopy as a Tool to Track Neuronal
Population Dynamics in Epilepsy Models 410
Daniel Aharoni, Peyman Golshani
44 Seizure Control Through Closed-Loop Systems 423
Martha L. Streng, Esther Krook-Magnuson
45 Biomarkers 434
Simona Balestrini, Asla Pitkänen, Matthias J. Koepp
46 Comorbidities as Prognostic Factors for
Epileptogenesis 454
Wolfgang Löscher, Carl E. Stafstrom
47 Use of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Epilepsy
Research 465
Jack M. Parent, Lori L. Isom
SUBSECTION 3 • OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
TO EXCESSIVE SYNCHRONY AND SEIZURES
48 Novel Roles of Myelination in Neural Circuit Plasticity
and Implications for Epilepsy 482
Manasi Iyer, J. Bradley Zuchero
49 Role of Dysfunctional Astrocytes in Epileptogenesis 495
Christian Steinhäuser, Karen S. Wilcox
50 Neurovascular Inflammation in Epilepsy 506
Nicola Marchi, Annamaria Vezzani
51 The Blood–Brain Barrier and Epilepsies 517
E. A. van Vliet, Alon Friedman
52 The mTOR Pathway in Epileptogenesis 523
Emilio Russo, Michael Wong
53 Epigenetic Mechanisms in Epilepsy 533
Olivia R. Hoffman, Avtar Roopra, David C. Henshall
54 Purinergic Signaling in Epilepsy 544
Tobias Engel, Manvitha Kuchukulla, Detlev Boison
55 Neurotrophic Factors in Epilepsy 554
James O. McNamara, Michele Simonato
56 Neurogenesis in Epilepsy 563
Steve Danzer, Jenny Hsieh
57 Somatic Mosaicism in Focal Malformations of
Cortical Development 575
Sara Baldassari, Katja Kobow, Stéphanie Baulac
58 The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Epilepsy 582
Stefanie Prast-Nielsen, John F. Cryan
SECTION 4 • TRANSLATIONAL AND CLINICAL
BIOLOGY OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY
Section Editors: Aristea S. Galanopoulou, John M. Stern,
Andrew G. Herzog, Mark Quigg, Sheryl R. Haut,
Ivanka Savic, Terence J. O’Brien, Samden D. Lhatoo,
Solomon L. Moshé, Jerome Engel Jr
59 Overview: Translational and Clinical Biology
of Seizures and Epilepsy 591
Aristea S. Galanopoulou, John M. Stern
60 Refinement of Rodent Models of Seizures and
Epilepsy 593
John G. R. Jefferys, Mark J. Prescott
61 What do Models Model in Epilepsy? 600
Aristea S. Galanopoulou, Solomon L. Moshé
62 Translational Epilepsy Research: Progress, Challenges,
and Future 611
Aristea S. Galanopoulou, Jacqueline A. French,
Terence J. O’Brien, Michele Simonato
63 Age and Sex in the Neurobiology of Epilepsies
in Animal Models 616
Ozlem Akman, Kevin M. Kelly
64 Gender in Clinical Biology of Epilepsy 632
Barbara S. Koppel, Ivanka Savic
65 Age and Clinical Biology of Epilepsy: Adults 637
Joseph I. Sirven
66 Age and Clinical Biology of Epilepsy: Infants 644
Douglas R. Nordli Jr, Chalongchai Phitsanuwong
67 Chronobiology of Epilepsy 650
Philippa J. Karoly, Vikram R. Rao, Maxime Baud
68 Sleep and Epilepsy 669
Carl W. Bazil, Gordon F. Buchanan
69 Breathing and Autonomic Disturbances During
Seizures 685
Nuria Lacuey Lecumberri, Brian D. Moseley,
Samden D. Lhatoo
70 Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) 700
Philippe Ryvlin, Mark Stewart, Elizabeth J. Donner
71 Stress and Epilepsy 716
Ivanka Savic, Sheryl R. Haut, Marian Joëls
72 Seizures and Epilepsy in General Medical Disorders 724
Timothy E. Welty, David G. Vossler Contents xi
73 Medical Conditions in Children With Epilepsy 743
M. Scott Perry, Michael S. Duchowny
74 Neurodegenerative Disorders and Epileptogenesis 751
Victor Ferastraoaru, Patricia G. Saletti,
Aristea S. Galanopoulou
75 Anesthesia for Procedures in Patients With Epilepsy 762
Susana Vacas, Barbara M. van de Wiele
76 Hormone Changes in Epilepsy 771
Catherine A. Christian-Hinman, Cynthia L. Harden
77 Effects of Hormones on Seizure Expression 779
Torbjörn Bäckström, David Bäckström, Suchitra Joshi
78 Disorders of Reproduction and Fertility in Epilepsy 793
Andrew G. Herzog, Jouko I. T. Isojarvi
79 Sexuality in Epilepsy 806
Susan Duncan, Oliver Henning
80 Maternal Outcomes During Pregnancy in Women
With Epilepsy 815
Page B. Pennell, Torbjörn Tomson
81 Consequences of Seizures 821
Dipan C. Patel, Harald Sontheimer
82 Drug Resistance in Epilepsy 832
Wolfgang Löscher, Heidrun Potschka, Lina Jonsson,
Sanjay M. Sisodiya, Annamaria Vezzani
SECTION 5 • PHENOMENOLOGY OF SEIZURES
Section Editors: Renzo Guerrini, John M. Stern, Peter
Wolf, Robert S. Fisher, Philippe Kahane, Fernando
Cendes, Aristea S. Galanopoulou, Jerome Engel Jr
83 Overview: Phenomenology of Seizures 853
Jerome Engel Jr, Solomon L. Moshé
84 Classification of Epileptic Seizures 855
Robert S. Fisher, Jerome Engel Jr
85 Awareness in Seizures 866
John M. Stern, Hal Blumenfeld
86 Automatisms in Seizures 872
Andreas Schulze-Bonhage, Laura Tassi
87 Hyperkinetic Seizures 887
Paolo Tinuper, Lino Nobili
88 Autonomic Auras and Seizures 893
Nuria Lacuey Lecumberri, James J. Riviello Jr,
Samden D. Lhatoo
89 Cognitive Seizures 899
Elza Márcia Targas Yacubian, Peter Wolf
90 Affective Seizures 908
Khalil Ali, Tarek Ali, S. M. Amza Ali
91 Neocortical Sensory Seizures 917
Paul C. Van Ness, Ronald P . Lesser, Michael S. Duchowny
92 Typical Absence Seizures 928
Jeanne Benoit, Yoshimi Sogawa, William P . Welch,
Pierre Thomas
93 Atypical Absence Seizures 941
Miguel A. Cortez, Christian M. Korff
94 Myoclonic Absence Seizures 951
Kenneth A. Myers, Gaetano Cantalupo,
Carlo Alberto Tassinari
95 Seizures With Eyelid Myoclonia 956
Cristina Yip Go, O. Carter Snead III
96 Atonic Seizures 963
Roberto Michelucci, Hiroki Nariai
97 Clonic Seizures 971
Jillian L. Rosengard, Akio Ikeda
98 Epileptic Spasms 974
Lucia Fusco, Marta Elena Santarone, Puja Patel
99 Myoclonic, Myoclonic–Atonic, and Myoclonic
Tonic–Clonic Seizures 985
Guido Rubboli, Hirokazu Oguni
100 T onic Seizures 1007
Kazuichi Yagi, Jillian L. Rosengard
101 Generalized T onic–Clonic Seizures 1015
Robert Beach, Shahram Izadyar, Samden D. Lhatoo
102 Behavioral Arrest in Seizures 1023
Juan G. Ochoa, Jorge Vidaurre
103 Neonatal Seizures 1027
Eli M. Mizrahi, Ronit M. Pressler
104 Localizing and Lateralizing Value of Seizure
Phenomenology 1043
Jonathan M. Gursky, John M. Stern
105 Status Epilepticus: Phenomenology and
Pathophysiology 1050
Shlomo Shinnar, Jaideep Kapur
VOLUME II
SECTION 6 • DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY
Section Editors: Alexis Arzimanoglou, Susan Duncan,
William Davis Gaillard, Sándor Beniczky,
Prasanna Jayakar, Jean Gotman, Christoph Helmstaedter,
Solomon L. Moshé
106 Overview: Diagnostic Evaluation in Epilepsy 1057
Solomon L. Moshé, Alexis Arzimanoglou
107 History and Physical Examination in Epilepsy 1059
Angélica Rivera-Cruz, Selim R. Benbadis
108 Epilepsy Informatics 1065
Zachary M. Grinspan, Wesley T. Kerr, Juma S.
Mbwana, Daniel M. Goldenholz
109 Laboratory Etiological Screening for Seizures 1074
Cecilie Johannessen Landmark, Stéphane Auvin,
Arjune Sen
110 Physiological Basis of the Electroencephalogram
and Local Field Potentials 1081
György Buzsáki, Jennifer N. Gelinas
111 Video-EEG Technologies, Montages, and
Postprocessing in Epilepsy 1095
Marc R. Nuwer, Frans Leijten, Alan D. Legatt
112 Interictal Electroencephalography 1100
Ushtar Amin, Selim R. Benbadis, Thaddeus Walczak,
Prasanna Jayakar, Solomon L. Moshé
113 Ictal Electroencephalography 1117
Michael R. Sperling, Douglas R. Nordli Jr
114 Polygraphic Recordings in Epilepsy 1131
Carlo Alberto Tassinari, Elena Gardella, Gaetano
Cantalupo, Guido Rubboli
115 Home-Video EEG Monitoring in Epilepsy 1156
Arpan Patel, Sushma Goyal, Fred Lado
116 Standardized EEG Reporting 1164
Sándor Beniczky, Alexis Boroxii Contents
117 Electroencephalography in the Intensive Care Unit 1168
Michael W. K. Fong, Lawrence J. Hirsch,
Thomas P. Bleck
118 Long-Term Monitoring in the Epilepsy Monitoring
Unit 1182
Alan D. Legatt, Julia M. Henry, Gregory K. Bergey,
Douglas R. Nordli Jr
119 Drug Withdrawal and Other Activating Techniques
in Epilepsy 1192
Sylvain Rheims, Kees P. J. Braun, Bruce J. Fisch,
Elson L. So
120 Electroencephalography and Magnetoencephalography
Postprocessing in Epilepsy: Mapping, Source Imaging,
and Dynamic Analysis 1199
Sándor Beniczky, Pieter van Mierlo, Margitta Seeck
121 Quantitative EEG Analysis and Automatic Event
Detection 1216
Shennan Aibel Weiss, Fernando Cendes, Jean Gotman
122 Structural Neuroimaging in Epilepsy 1228
Fernando Cendes, Graeme D. Jackson, William Davis
Gaillard, Ruben I. Kuzniecky
123 Positron Emission Tomography in Epilepsy 1258
Matthias J. Koepp, Alexander Hammers
124 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
in Epilepsy 1285
Elson L. So, Gregory D. Cascino, Terence J. O’Brien
125 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Epilepsy 1295
Jullie W. Pan, Ognen A. Petroff
126 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Epilepsy 1301
Zulfi Haneef, Robert C. Welsh, John M. Stern,
Patricia D. Walshaw
127 Seizure Prediction 1310
Levin Kuhlmann, Klaus Lehnertz,
Andreas Schulze-Bonhage
128 EEG- and Non–EEG-Based Wearable Devices for
Seizure Detection 1330
Ilona Hubbard, Philippe Ryvlin, Sándor Beniczky
129 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Epilepsy 1335
Melissa Tsuboyama, Roberto Michelucci, Mark Hallett,
Alexander Rotenberg
130 Neuropsychological Evaluation of Adults
With Epilepsy 1345
David W. Loring, William B. Barr, Bruce P. Hermann
131 Neuropsychological Evaluation of Children
With Epilepsy 1356
Mary Lou Smith
SECTION 7 • GENERAL TREATMENT
CONSIDERATIONS IN EPILEPSY
Section Editors: Jacqueline A. French, Lawrence J.
Hirsch, Elaine C. Wirrell, Elinor Ben-Menachem,
Daniel Friedman, Norman Delanty, Page B. Pennell,
Eugen Trinka, Solomon L. Moshé
132 Overview: General Approaches to Medical Treatment
for Epilepsy 1361
Emilio Perucca, Roger J. Porter
133 When to Start Antiseizure Medication Therapy 1363
Patricia Dugan, Chellamani Harini
134 Management of Antiseizure Medication Initiation 1371
Jeremy J. Moeller, Heidi M. Munger Clary,
Lawrence J. Hirsch
135 Matching Antiseizure Medications to the Patient 1376
Tracey A. Milligan, Sanjay M. Sisodiya,
Barbara A. Dworetzky
136 Choice of Antiseizure Medications 1391
Manisha G. Holmes, Elinor Ben-Menachem,
Jacqueline A. French
137 Measuring Treatment Response in the Epilepsy
Clinic 1398
David G. Vossler, Lara V. Marcuse
138 Self-Management Strategies in Epilepsy—Beyond
Antiseizure Medications 1411
Robin E. McGee, Ross Shegog, Martha Sajatovic
139 Pharmacist Roles in Interprofessional Team Care of
People With Epilepsy and Approach to Care 1421
Viet-Huong V. Nguyen, Jacquelyn L. Bainbridge,
Sunita Dergalust
140 Pharmacokinetics of Antiseizure Medications 1429
Emilio Perucca, Piero Perucca
141 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug
Interactions in Epilepsy 1452
Simona Lattanzi, Gaetano Zaccara, Patrick B. Moloney,
Pasquale Striano
142 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Epilepsy 1469
Elisabeth Doran, Colin P. Doherty, Philip N. Patsalos
143 Dose-Related Side Effects of Antiseizure
Medications 1486
Benjamin N. Blond, Jerry J. Shih
144 Idiosyncratic Adverse Reactions from Antiseizure
Medications 1494
Gaetano Zaccara, David Ficker, Simona Lattanzi
145 Long-Term Adverse Effects of Antiseizure
Medications 1507
Alison M. Pack, Barry E. Gidal
146 Gender Issues For Drug Treatment in Epilepsy 1512
Anne Sabers, Cynthia L. Harden
147 Managing Antiseizure Medications Through
Contraception and Pregnancy 1518
P. Emanuela Voinescu, Angela K. Birnbaum
148 Antiseizure Medications and Structural
Teratogenesis 1524
Elizabeth E. Gerard, Anna Serafini, Sanjeev V. Thomas
149 Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiseizure
Medications 1540
Eija Gaily, Kimford J. Meador
150 Drug Treatment in Children With Epilepsy 1550
Douglas R. Nordli Jr, Kelly G. Knupp,
Jo M. Wilmshurst
151 Drug Treatment in Adolescents With Epilepsy 1562
Katherine Nickels, J. Helen Cross, Lieven Lagae
152 Transition from Pediatric to Adult Care for People
With Epilepsy 1569
Danielle M. Andrade, Peter R. Camfield,
Carol Camfield, Rima Nabbout
153 Diagnosis and Treatment of Epilepsy in the
Older Adult 1577
Ilo E. Leppik, Eugen Trinka, Santoshi Billakota
154 Treatment Adherence in Epilepsy 1588
Avani C. Modi, Joyce A. Cramer, Shanna Guilfoyle Contents xiii
155 Discontinuation of Antiseizure Medications 1598
Dana Price, Dennis J. Dlugos, Ilo E. Leppik,
Kamil Detyniecki
156 Routine Monitoring for Safety and Tolerability
During Chronic Treatment With Antiseizure
Medications 1604
Patricia Dugan, Peter Widdess-Walsh
157 Combination Pharmacotherapy in Epilepsy 1613
Frank G. Gilliam, R. Edward Faught
158 Treatment of Single and Infrequent Seizures 1618
Ettore Beghi, Emma Foster
159 Treatment of Neonatal Seizures 1627
Elissa G. Yozawitz, Ronit M. Pressler, Renée Shellhaas
160 Febrile Seizures and Fever-Related Seizures 1639
Nancy A. McNamara, Kollencheri Puthenveettil
Vinayan
161 Strategies When Treatments Fail in People With
Epilepsy 1648
Lara V. Marcuse, Matthias J. Koepp
162 Managing Epilepsy in Patients With Medical
Comorbidities 1654
Daniel Costello, Christopher Elder, Alison M. Pack
163 Prevention and Treatment of Provoked Seizures 1668
Sarah Schmitt, Hiba A. Haider
164 Ketogenic Diets for Epilepsy 1678
Carl E. Stafstrom, Eric H. Kossoff, Jong M. Rho
165 Reproductive Hormonal Treatment for Epilepsy 1689
Andrew G. Herzog, Cynthia L. Harden
166 Psycho-Behavioral Therapies in Epilepsy 1699
Peter Wolf, Sheryl R. Haut, Rosa Michaelis
167 Complementary and Alternative Medical
Therapies for Epilepsy 1707
Steven C. Schachter, Carlos Acevedo, Keryma Acevedo,
Chi-Wan Lai, Amadou Gallo Diop
SECTION 8 • ANTISEIZURE MEDICATIONS
Section Editors: Jacqueline A. French, H. Steve White,
Dennis J. Dlugos, Eugen Trinka, Martin J. Brodie,
Barry E. Gidal, Solomon L. Moshé
168 Overview: Antiseizure Medications 1715
Jacqueline A. French, Elinor Ben-Menachem
169 Epilepsy Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics 1718
Isabelle Boothman, Gianpiero L. Cavalleri,
Norman Delanty
170 Screening of New Compounds and the Role of the
Pharmaceutical Industry in Epilepsy 1732
H. Steve White, Roger J. Porter, Henrik Klitgaard
171 Investigational Drugs in Epilepsy 1749
Michelle Guignet, Stephen Briggs, Gregory L. Krauss,
H. Steve White
172 Clinical Trials of Antiseizure Medications in Adults
and Children 1771
Jacqueline A. French, Tracy Glauser, Bernd Schmidt
173 Seizure Rescue Therapy 1783
Erin M. Fedak Romanowski, Howard P. Goodkin,
Sucheta M. Joshi
174 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Steroids
in Epilepsy 1791
Maria Roberta Cilio, Jules C. Beal, Federico Vigevano
175 Brivaracetam 1801
Bassel Abou-Khalil, Felix Rosenow
176 Cannabidiol and Other Phytocannabinoids
in Epilepsy 1813
Samantha J. Hagopian, Eric D. Marsh, Daniel Friedman
177 Carbamazepine 1819
Francesco Brigo, Timothy E. Welty
178 Cenobamate 1831
Gregory L. Krauss, Steve Chung
179 Clobazam and Other Benzodiazepines for
Chronic Use 1840
Francesco Brigo, Eugen Trinka, Simona Lattanzi
180 Eslicarbazepine Acetate 1849
Simona Lattanzi, Eugen Trinka, Martin J. Brodie
181 Ethosuximide 1865
Douglas R. Nordli Jr, Raj D. Sheth, William O. Tatum
182 Everolimus in Epilepsy 1870
Michael Kohrman, Zuhal Yapici, Michael Wong
183 Felbamate 1886
Elizabeth A. Felton, William H. Theodore
184 Fenfluramine 1895
Joseph Sullivan, Parthena M. Martin
185 Immunotherapy in Epilepsy 1901
Flavio Villani, Christian G. Bien, Lindsay M. Higdon,
Giuliano Avanzini
186 Lacosamide 1911
Harold Kohn, Amber M. King, Raman Sankar
187 Lamotrigine 1918
Martin J. Brodie, Rajendra Kale, Barry E. Gidal
188 Levetiracetam 1931
Jennifer Cavitt, Simona Ferioli
189 Oxcarbazepine 1947
Jonathan Ross, Robert J. Kotloski, Pavel Klein
190 Perampanel 1953
Vicente Villanueva Haba, Alexandra Astner-Rohracher
191 Phenobarbital and Barbiturate Prodrugs 1963
Mervyn J. Eadie
192 Phenytoin, Fosphenytoin, and Other Hydantoins 1975
John M. Stern, Mervyn J. Eadie
193 Pregabalin 1996
Gregory K. Bergey, Lloyd E. Knapp
194 Retigabine/Ezogabine 2009
Stephan Arnold, Roger J. Porter
195 Rufinamide 2017
Maria-Cristina Cazacu, Alexander Rotenberg, Dana Craiu
196 Stiripentol 2029
Catherine Chiron, Rima Nabbout
197 T iagabine 2039
Reetta Kälviäinen
198 T opiramate 2046
David Gloss, R. Edward Faught
199 Trimethadione, Paraldehyde, Phenacemide, Bromides,
Sulthiame, Acetazolamide, and Methsuximide 2057
John C. De Toledo
200 V alproic Acid 2072
Ahmad Beydoun, Wassim Nasreddine, Ronald C. Reed
201 V igabatrin 2086
Elinor Ben-Menachem, Catherine Chiron
202 Zonisamide 2097
Hyojin C. Suh, Sunita Dergalustxiv Contents
VOLUME III
SECTION 9 • SURGICAL THERAPY
FOR EPILEPSY
Section Editors: John M. Stern, Alexis Arzimanoglou,
Philippe Kahane, Dennis D. Spencer, Michael R. Sperling,
Samuel Wiebe, J. Helen Cross, Jerome Engel Jr
203 Overview: Surgical Therapy for Epilepsy 2109
John M. Stern, Jerome Engel Jr
204 A Brief History of Epilepsy Surgery 2112
Jerome Engel Jr
205 Indications and Criteria for Epilepsy Surgery in
Children 2123
Cameron Elliott, Aswin Chari, Alexis Arzimanoglou,
J. Helen Cross
206 Indications and Criteria for Epilepsy Surgery
in Adults 2131
Robert C. Knowlton, Paul C. Van Ness
207 Patterns of Epilepsy Surgery Referrals and Epilepsy
Surgical Center Characteristics 2143
Nathan B. Fountain, William Davis Gaillard
208 Presurgical Evaluation for Epilepsy: General Principles
and Methods 2148
Fernando Cendes, Michael R. Sperling
209 Intraoperative Electrocorticography in Epilepsy 2159
Mark D. Holmes, Joyce Y. Wu
210 Intraoperative Functional Mapping in Epilepsy 2175
Patricia D. Walshaw, Susan Y. Bookheimer
211 Extraoperative Procedures With Invasive Electrodes
in Epilepsy 2183
Brian Jung, Michael R. Sperling, Michael S. Duchowny,
Philippe Kahane
212 Intra-Arterial Anesthetic Procedures in Epilepsy 2209
Marilyn Jones-Gotman, Mary Lou Smith
213 EEG Biomarkers of Epileptogenic Region 2217
Julia Jacobs, Maeike Zijlmans
214 Invasive Monitoring Research Techniques
in Epilepsy 2227
Catherine A. Schevon, Richard J. Staba,
Brett Youngerman
215 Anesthesia for Epilepsy Surgery 2242
Susana Vacas, Barbara M. van de Wiele
216 Anterior Medial Temporal Resection for Epilepsy 2249
Alexander Ksendzovsky, William Bingaman,
Dennis D. Spencer
217 Neocortical Resections for Epilepsy 2263
Giorgio Lo Russo, Francesco Cardinale,
Youssef G. Comair
218 Insular Resections for Epilepsy 2282
Marc Guénot, Philippe Ryvlin
219 Hemispherectomy/Hemispherotomy and Multilobar
Resections/Disconnections for Epilepsy 2286
P. Sarat Chandra, Georg Dorfmüller
220 Eloquent Cortex Surgery for Epilepsy 2327
Shelly Wang, Jason Scott Hauptman, Toba Niazi
221 Corpus Callosotomy for Epilepsy 2337
Tomonori Ono, David W. Roberts
222 Electrical Stimulation Treatments for Epilepsy 2344
Brian Jung, Ana Luisa Velasco, John M. Stern,
Dawn Eliashiv
223 Ablative Procedures for Epilepsy: Laser Ablation,
Stereotactic Radiosurgery, and Radiofrequency
Ablation 2361
Kunal Gupta, Mark Quigg, Robert E. Gross
224 Epilepsy Surgery for Low-Grade Epilepsy Associated
Tumors 2378
Georgia Ramantani, Hans Holthausen
225 Epilepsy Surgery for Malformations of Cortical
Development 2389
Aswin Chari, Martin M. Tisdall, Imad Najm
226 Epilepsy Surgery for Vascular Lesions 2398
Georgia Ramantani, Felix Rosenow
227 Results of Surgery for Posttraumatic Epilepsy 2411
P. Sarat Chandra, Raghu Samala
228 Results of Epilepsy Surgery in Patients With
Non-Lesional MRI 2418
Kees P. J. Braun, Laura Tassi
229 Surgery for Cerebral Infectious and Post-Encephalitic
Epilepsy 2424
William Muirhead, Christopher Uff, Neil Kitchen
230 Surgery for Rasmussen Encephalitis 2437
H. Westley Phillips, Jia-Shu Chen, Aria Fallah
231 Epilepsy Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartomas 2445
Jeremy L. Freeman, A. Simon Harvey
232 Measuring Epilepsy Surgery Outcomes 2450
Samuel Wiebe, Monika Jones, Colin B. Josephson
233 Adverse Effects of Epilepsy Surgery 2460
Johan Bjellvi, Sallie Baxendale, Sareh Miranzadeh
Mahabadi, Bertil Rydenhag, José F. Tellez-Zenteno
234 Pre- and Postoperative Rehabilitation in Epilepsy
Surgery 2468
Erica K. Johnson, Sophia Macrodimitris
235 Antiseizure Medication Withdrawal After Epilepsy
Surgery 2483
Kim Boshuisen, Morten I. Lossius
236 Reoperation for Epilepsy 2489
Luke D. Tomycz, Christopher Markosian,
Robert R. Goodman
SECTION 10 • PSYCHIATRIC ISSUES IN EPILEPSY
Section Editors: Andres M. Kanner, Joan K. Austin,
Marco Mula, Ivanka Savic, Jerome Engel Jr
237 Overview: Psychiatric Issues in Epilepsy 2499
Andres M. Kanner
238 What Is a Psychiatric Symptom in Patients With
Epilepsy? 2502
Andres M. Kanner, Jay A. Salpekar
239 Epidemiologic Aspects of Psychiatric Comorbidities
in Epilepsy 2505
Churl-Su Kwon, Nicolas Henao Romero, Nathalie
Jetté, José F. Tellez-Zenteno
240 Why Should Neurologists Care About Psychiatric
Comorbidities in Patients With Epilepsy and the
Obstacles for Their Care? 2513
Andres M. Kanner, Marco Mula Contents xv
241 Neurobiological Aspects of Epileptic Comorbidities:
A Review of the Experimental Data 2518
Aristea S. Galanopoulou, Andrey Mazarati,
Quentin J. Pittman
242 Mood Disorders in Adults With Epilepsy 2529
Andres M. Kanner, Ramses Ribot, Marco Mula
243 Suicidality and Epilepsy 2546
Colin B. Josephson, Andres M. Kanner
244 Aggressive Disorders in Epilepsy 2554
Ludger Tebartz van Elst, Michael Trimble
245 Anxiety Disorders in Adults With Epilepsy 2562
Andres M. Kanner, Alan B. Ettinger
246 Psychotic Disorders in Epilepsy 2578
Marco Mula, Bettina Schmitz
247 Personality and Personality Disorders in Epilepsy 2588
Charlene N. Rivera-Bonet, Bruce P. Hermann,
Orrin Devinsky, Scott E. Hirsch, Katee Yang,
William B. Barr
248 Intellectual Disabilities in Epilepsy 2598
Gitta Reuner, Mary Lou Smith
249 Autism and Epilepsy 2607
Jamie K. Capal, Karen Ballaban-Gil, Sarah Spence
250 Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Pediatric Patients
With Epilepsy 2612
Jana E. Jones, Jonathan Mietchen, Alanna Kessler-Jones,
Grace J. Ma, Jeremy Mani, Jay A. Salpekar
251 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and
Epilepsy 2625
Jay A. Salpekar, David W. Dunn
252 Psychiatric Symptoms of Antiseizure Medications 2634
Marco Mula, Bettina Schmitz
253 Psychiatric Iatrogenic Effects of Epilepsy Surgery 2640
Steffi Koch-Stoecker, Kousuke Kanemoto
254 Therapeutic Effects of Epilepsy Surgery on Presurgical
Psychiatric Comorbidities 2649
Luis Pintor, Hamada Hamid Altalib
255 Do Psychiatric Comorbid Disorders Have an Impact
on Postsurgical Seizure Outcome? 2654
Rebecca Matthews, Andres M. Kanner
256 Cognitive Adverse Effects of Antiseizure
Medications 2658
Sallie Baxendale, Corah Lewis, Lee Rusowicz,
Gus A. Baker
257 Pharmacologic Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders
in Epilepsy: Basic Concepts 2665
Marco Mula, Andres M. Kanner
258 Psychotherapy in Epilepsy 2672
Lorna Myers, Gaston Baslet
259 The Use of Electroshock Therapy and Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation in Patients With Epilepsy: Safety
and Therapeutic Considerations 2680
Annya D. Tisher, Hamada Hamid Altalib, John J. Barry
260 Psychiatry and Residential Care in Epilepsy 2686
Stephen W. Brown, Frank M. C. Besag
261 Overview: Social Issues in Epilepsy 2696
Joan K. Austin, Robert T. Fraser
262 Social Aspects in Epilepsy: Epilepsy Stigma and
Quality of Life 2700
Ann Jacoby, Dee Snape, Gus A. Baker
263 Quality of Life in Children With Epilepsy 2711
Avani C. Modi, Katherine F. Junger
264 Quality of Life in Adults With Epilepsy 2719
Wendy R. Miller, Jane R. von Gaudecker,
Janice M. Buelow
265 Self/Family Management in Pediatric Epilepsy: Overview
and Utility in Routine Pediatric Epilepsy Care 2724
Janelle L. Wagner, Gigi Smith
266 Self-Management Programs for Adults With
Epilepsy 2733
Mimi Callanan, Elaine T. Kiriakopoulos, Joan K. Austin,
Barbara C. Jobst
267 Psychosocial Care Needs and Community Resources
for People With Epilepsy 2746
Joan K. Austin, Steven Owens
268 The Range of Needs and Services in Vocational
Rehabilitation in People With Epilepsy 2757
Robert T. Fraser
269 Epilepsy and Transition of Care 2771
Rebecca J. Schultz, Jeffrey Buchhalter,
Patricia O. Shafer
270 Enhancing School Functioning and the School-to-Work
Transition in Children With Epilepsy 2779
Connie Sung, Wei-Mo Tu
271 Issues in Health Outcomes Assessment in Epilepsy 2792
Frank G. Gilliam, Mark A. Ferro, Samuel Wiebe
272 Legal Concerns and Effective Advocacy Strategies
in Epilepsy 2803
Laura Weidner, Allison J. Nichol
SECTION 11 • EPILEPSY SYNDROMES
Section Editors: Renzo Guerrini, John M. Stern,
Samuel F. Berkovic, Peter Wolf, Robert S. Fisher,
Kate Riney, Aristea S. Galanopoulou, Jerome Engel Jr,
Solomon L. Moshé
273 Overview: Introduction to Epilepsy Syndromes 2811
Elaine C. Wirrell, Paolo Tinuper, Solomon L. Moshé,
Emilio Perucca
274 Introduction to the Classification of Epilepsy 2813
Jerome Engel Jr, Robert S. Fisher, Solomon L. Moshé
275 Self-Limited (Familial) Neonatal Epilepsy 2817
Ronit M. Pressler, Maurizio Taglialatela,
Perrine Plouin, Henry Hasson
276 Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy 2827
Solomon L. Moshé, Nicola Specchio, Aleksandra
Djukic, Federico Vigevano, Perrine Plouin
277 Ohtahara Syndrome 2832
Katsuhiro Kobayashi, Yoko Ohtsuka
278 Self-Limited (Familial) Infantile Epilepsy 2838
Federico Vigevano, Marina Trivisano, Nicola Specchio,
Roberto Caraballo
279 Epilepsy of Infancy With Migrating Focal
Seizures 2844
Lauren Sham, Phillip L. Pearl, Raman Sankar
280 Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome 2852
Puja Patel, Marta Elena Santarone, Lucia Fusco
281 Dravet Syndrome 2863
Simona Balestrini, Renzo Guerrini
282 Myoclonic Epilepsies in Infancy and Early
Childhood 2870
Renzo Guerrini, Simona Balestrinixvi Contents
283 Hemiconvulsion-Hemiplegia-Epilepsy Syndrome 2877
Marion Comajuan, Alexis Arzimanoglou,
Eleni Panagiotakaki
284 Self-Limited Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes 2884
Raman Sankar
285 Childhood Occipital Visual Epilepsy and Self-Limited
Epilepsy With Autonomic Seizures 2894
Nicola Specchio, Giuseppe Gobbi, Renzo Guerrini,
Salvatore Grosso
286 Childhood and Juvenile Absence Epilepsies 2907
Yoshimi Sogawa, William P. Welch, Jeanne Benoit,
Pierre Thomas
287 Epilepsy With Myoclonic Absences 2920
Raman Sankar
288 Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome 2924
Mary Spiciarich, Kate Riney
289 Encephalopathy Related to Status Epilepticus
During Slow Sleep (ESES) Including Landau Kleffner
Syndrome 2936
Guido Rubboli, Koshi A. Cherian, Loreto Ríos-Pohl,
Carlo Alberto Tassinari
290 Rasmussen Syndrome 2948
Manjari Tripathi, Gary Mathern
291 Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy 2974
Eliane Kobayashi, Fernando Cendes
292 Generalized Tonic–Clonic Seizures Alone and
Epilepsy With Generalized Tonic–Clonic Seizures
on Awakening 2981
Peter Wolf, Guido Rubboli
293 Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With Hippocampal
Sclerosis 2988
Barbara C. Jobst, Jerome Engel Jr
294 Familial Temporal Lobe Epilepsies 2994
Fernando Cendes, Eliane Kobayashi,
Iscia Lopes-Cendes
295 Familial Frontal Lobe Epilepsies and Familial Focal
Epilepsy With Variable Foci 3003
Eliane Kobayashi, Dawn Eliashiv
296 Gelastic Seizures and Hypothalamic
Hamartomas 3013
Jeremy L. Freeman, A. Simon Harvey
297 Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies 3019
Jillian M. Cameron, Samuel F. Berkovic
298 Posttraumatic Seizures 3028
Daniel José Correa, Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
299 Isolated Seizures 3043
Peter Wolf, Elza Márcia Targas Yacubian
300 Genetic Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus 3052
Iris Unterberger, Julia Höfler
301 Reflex Epilepsies 3057
Dorothée Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, Zeynep V. Okudan
Atay, Çig ? dem Özkara
302 Malformations of Cortical Development
in Epilepsy 3064
Renzo Guerrini, Elena Parrini
303 Chromosomal Abnormalities in Epilepsy 3071
Steffen Syrbe, Carla Marini
304 Inherited Metabolic Disorders and Epilepsy 3081
Douglas R. Nordli Jr, Darryl C. De Vivo
305 Mitochondrial Diseases and Epilepsy 3098
Hitoshi Osaka, Michio Hirano
306 Seizures in Neonatal Hypoxic–Ischemic
Encephalopathy 3110
Eva Catenaccio, Courtney J. Wusthoff, Carl E. Stafstrom
307 Central Nervous System Tumors and Seizures:
Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management 3121
Alireza Mansouri, Roberta Rudà, Michael Glantz
308 Infectious Diseases and Seizures or Epilepsy 3132
Oscar H. Del Brutto, Pierre-Marie Preux
309 Acute Symptomatic Seizures Secondary to
Autoimmune Encephalitis and Autoimmune-Associated
Epilepsies 3143
Sukhvir Wright, Claude Steriade, Angela Vincent
310 Electrolyte, Sporadic Metabolic, and Endocrine
Disorders in Epilepsy 3158
Giuseppe Gobbi, Salvatore Grosso,
Bernhard J. Steinhoff
311 The Relationship of Alcohol and Substance
Misuse/Abuse to Seizures and Epilepsy 3190
Barbara S. Koppel
312 Disorders of Pregnancy in Epilepsy 3200
Barbara S. Koppel, Naymee J. Velez-Ruiz
313 New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus and Febrile
Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome 3205
Nicola Specchio, Nicola Pietrafusa, Nicolas Gaspard
SECTION 12 • DISORDERS THAT CAN
RESEMBLE EPILEPSY
Section Editors: Andres M. Kanner, W. Curt LaFrance Jr,
Robert S. Fisher, Mark Hallett, Orrin Devinsky,
Jerome Engel Jr
314 Overview: Disorders that can Resemble Epilepsy 3223
Andres M. Kanner
315 Syncope Resembling Seizures 3225
Halley Alexander, Mark Quigg
316 Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Resembling
Seizures 3237
Emily L. Johnson, Peter W. Kaplan
317 Nonepileptic Neurologic Paroxysmal Disorders and
Episodic Symptoms in Infants 3248
Roberto Caraballo, Federico Vigevano
318 Migraine Resembling Seizures 3259
Sheryl R. Haut, Richard B. Lipton
319 Cerebrovascular Disorders Resembling Seizures 3271
Vasu Saini, Clinton B. Wright, Ralph L. Sacco
320 Sleep and Epilepsy: Seizure Mimics and Sleep 3285
Anne Marie Morse, Sanjeev V. Kothare
321 Myoclonus and Myoclonic Syndromes 3294
Mark Hallett
322 Movement Disorders Resembling Seizures 3301
Claire Miller, Giulietta M. Riboldi, Steven Frucht
323 Movement Disorders: Dyskinesias 3308
Steven Frucht, Pasquale Striano
324 Sensory Disorders Resembling Seizures 3317
Carl W. Bazil, Julien Hébert
325 Other Neurologic Events Resembling Epileptic
Seizures 3323
Jason Margolesky, Alejandro A. Rabinstein
326 Overview: Psychiatric Disturbances 3328
Deana M. Gazzola, W . Curt LaFrance Jr, Orrin Devinsky Contents xvii
327 Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures in Adults 3330
W. Curt LaFrance Jr, Markus Reuber
328 Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures in Pediatric
Patients 3342
Sigita Plioplys, Julia Doss
329 Disorders of Impulse Control in Epilepsy 3346
Ludger Tebartz van Elst, Michael Trimble
330 Dissociative Disorders 3352
Gaston Baslet, Lorna Myers
331 Panic Disorder and Hyperventilation Syndrome 3363
Alan B. Ettinger, Andres M. Kanner
332 Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior 3375
Mark S. George, Marco Mula
333 Psychotic Symptoms Mimicking Epileptic Seizures 3380
Maria Raquel Lopez, Frank W. Drislane
SECTION 13 • DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE
IN PEOPLE WITH EPILEPSY
Section Editors: Andres M. Kanner, Josemir W. Sander,
Sarah Wilson, Nathalie Jetté, Martin J. Brodie,
Chong Tin Tan, Solomon L. Moshé, Jerome Engel Jr
334 Overview: Delivery of Health Care and Socioeconomic
Issues in People With Epilepsy 3385
Chong Tin Tan, Nathalie Jetté
335 Epilepsy in Africa 3388
Jo M. Wilmshurst, Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige,
Lawrence Maskew Tucker
336 Epilepsy in Argentina 3393
Roberto Caraballo
337 Epilepsy in Asia 3397
Chong Tin Tan, Sanjeev V . Thomas
338 Epilepsy in Brazil 3405
Carlos A. M. Guerreiro, Elza Márcia Targas Yacubian
339 Epilepsy in Canada 3416
Jorge G. Burneo
340 Epilepsy in the Caribbean 3421
S. M. Amza Ali
341 Epilepsy in Chile 3428
Carlos Acevedo, Lilian Cuadra Olmos, Keryma Acevedo
342 Epilepsy in China 3436
Shichuo Li, Zhen Hong, Ding Ding, Yuping Wang,
Dong Zhou, Guoming Luan, Jianguo Zhang,
Jianxiang Liao, Dongning Wu, Liyun He, Jiong Qin,
Yuwu Jiang, Wei-Ping Liao
343 Epilepsy in Cuba 3452
Lilia María Morales Chacón
344 Epilepsy in the Czech Republic 3457
Irena Doležalová, Ivan Rektor
345 Epilepsy in Germany 3460
Johann Philipp Zöllner, Adam Strzelczyk
346 Epilepsy in India 3465
Sanjeev V . Thomas, Satish Jain
347 Epilepsy in Iran 3469
Ali Gorji
348 Epilepsy in Iraq 3474
Ahmed Tahseen Muslim Al-Khazraji,
Amro M. Abdulsattar, Hamada Hamid Altalib
349 Epilepsy in Latin America 3477
Roberto Caraballo, Marco T. Medina, Tomás Mesa
Latorre
350 Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Latin America 3483
Jaime Carrizosa-Moog
351 Epilepsy in Mexico 3488
Iris E. Martínez-Juárez, Andrea Santos-Peyret,
Daniel Crail-Meléndez
352 Epilepsy in The Netherlands 3494
Floor E. Jansen, Roland D. Thijs, H. J. Marian Majoie
353 Epilepsy in Nigeria 3499
Birinus Adikaibe Ezeala-Adikaibe
354 Epilepsy in the Russian Federation 3509
Alla Guekht, Dmitry Zhuravlev
355 Epilepsy in Saudi Arabia 3513
Raidah Saleem Albaradie
356 Epilepsy in Scandinavia 3520
Kristina Malmgren, Jakob Christensen,
Morten I. Lossius
357 Epilepsy in Senegal 3530
Amadou Gallo Diop, Ibrahima Pierre Ndiaye,
Ndiaga Matar Gaye
358 Epilepsy in South Africa 3536
Jo M. Wilmshurst, Ansuya Naidoo
359 Epilepsy in South Korea 3545
Byungin Lee
360 Epilepsy in T unisia 3553
Chahnez Charfi Triki, Fatma Kamoun Feki
361 Epilepsy in T urkey 3562
Bengi Gül Türk, Çig ? dem Özkara
362 Epilepsy in the United Kingdom 3565
Frank M. C. Besag, Arjune Sen, Michael J. Vasey,
Stephen W . Brown
363 Epilepsy in the United States of America 3574
David M. Labiner
364 Implementation Science for Epilepsy 3577
Mary Jo Pugh, Hamada Hamid Altalib
365 Social Media to Enhance Health Care Delivery
and Education in Epilepsy 3583
Daniel José Correa, Churl-Su Kwon
Index I-1