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Developmental Care of Newborns & Infants

Edition: 3
9781975148393
ISBN/ISSN:
9781975148393
Publication Date:
August 18, 2022
2022-08-18
9781975148393
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Update and improve your neonatal and newborn intensive care unit (NICU) nursing know-how, with the evidence-based Developmental Care of Newborns ...
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  • Update and improve your neonatal and newborn intensive care unit (NICU) nursing know-how, with the evidence-based Developmental Care of Newborns and Infants, 3rd Edition. This leading text on developmentally supportive care of infants and their families addresses the full spectrum of neonatal care, from prenatal planning to delivery, plus neonatal intensive care and the transition to home. 
     
    The book presents developmental care in terms of holistic awareness of infant and family and their interactions with the NICU environment. It offers a framework for providing care that protects and supports the neurobehavioral development of the infant using an interdisciplinary approach. 
     
    In short, Developmental Care of Newborns and Infants, 3rd Edition is the definitive guide for learning current care standards, and the ideal foundation for neonatal nurses, students, and NICU nurses.
     
    In this new edition:
    • New and fully updated content and practice guidelines
    • New practice standards from the European Foundation for Infants and Newborn Children
    • New content aligned with the findings of the Gravens Task Force standards for high-risk newborns 
    • New color-enhanced photographs of infants 
    Chapters offer latest evidence-based findings and best practices, including:
    • The science of infant- and family-centered developmental care including the history and principles
    • Infant- and family-centered care standards for NICU
    • Healthcare team collaboration, including the family
    • Theoretical perspective for individualized family-centered developmental care (IFCDC)
    • Quality indicators for developmental care – trauma-informed conceptual model
    • Infant mental health – essential strategies for social-emotional care of NICU families
    • The structures and processes of critical periods of fetal development
    • The NICU sensory environment
    • Collaborative therapeutic positioning – multisystem and behavioral implications
    • The high-risk infant – oral feeding, touch and massage, pain assessment and nonpharmacologic management, palliative care
    • Developmental care beyond the NICU
    • Expert guidance from physiology of embryonic and fetal development through to coordinated, interdisciplinary IFCDC care 


    About the Clinical Editors
     
    Carole Kenner, PhD, RN, FAAN, FNAP, ANEF, is Carol Kuser Loser Dean and Professor at The College of New Jersey in Ewing, New Jersey, and Chief Executive Officer of the Council of International Neonatal Nurses, Inc. (COINN) in Yardley, Pennsylvania.
     
    Jacqueline M. McGrath, PhD, RN, FAAN, FNAP, is Thelma and Joe Crow Endowed Professor and Vice Dean for Faculty Excellence at the School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio in San Antonio, Texas.
     
  • Edition
    3
    ISBN/ISSN
    9781975148393
    Product Format
    Hardcover Book
    Trim Size
    8.375 x 10.875
    Pages
    400
    Edition
    3
    Publication Date
    August 18, 2022
  • National Association of Neonatal Nurses
  • Contents
    Chapter 1: The Science
    Carol B. Jaeger and Joy V. Browne
    Introduction
    History of Family-Centered Care
    Evolution of the Science of Developmental Care
    Sharing the Journey: Administration, Professional Staff, and Families on the Road Together 
    Gaps in Practice
    Search for Evidence to Address Current Gaps
    Infant and Family- Centered Developmental Care Considerations Addressed by the Panel
    Concept Principles 
    Conceptual Model
    Standards, Competencies, and Best Practices 
    Evidence- Based Practice Models
    Conclusion 
    Chapter 1 Appendix

    Chapter 2: The Infant and Family-Centered Developmental Care
    Carol B. Jaeger and Joy V. Browne
    Standards for Babies in Intensive Care and Their Families
    Introduction
    IFCDC Standards in Complex Adaptive Systems
    IFCDC Standards for Positioning and Touch for the Newborn
    IFCDC Standards of Sleep and Arousal Interventions for the Newborn
    IFCDC Standards for Skin- to- Skin Contact With Intimate Family Members
    IFCDC Standards for Reducing and Managing Pain and Stress in Newborns and Families
    IFCDC Standards for Feeding, Eating, and Nutrition Delivery
    Conclusion
    Chapter 2 Appendix

    Chapter 3:  Theoretical Perspective for Developmentally Supportive Care 
    Heidelise Als
    Introduction
    Understanding Newborn Behavior
    Research to Test the Efficacy of NIDCAP
    NIDCAP Guidelines for Collaborative Care
    System- Wide NIDCAP Implementation: NIDCAP Nursery Self- Assessment and NIDCAP Nursery Certification
    Conclusion

    Chapter 4: Quality Indicators for Developmental Care: A Trauma Informed Conceptual Model as an Exemplar for Change
    Mary Coughlin, Tara DeWolfe, and Kristy Fuller
    Introduction 
    What Is Trauma Informed Care?
    The Core Measures of Trauma Informed Care
    Recommendations for Practice, Education, and Research
    Future Direction
    Conclusion 

    Chapter 5: The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Environment
    Maryann Bozzette, Carole Kenner, Marina Boykova, Leslie B. Altimier, and Raylene M. Phillips
    Introduction 
    Medical Advances 
    NICU Equipment 
    Primary and Iatrogenic Medical Complications 
    Infection Control
    Environmental Concerns
    Macroenvironment 
    Neonatal Integrative Developmental Care Model
    Core Measure #1: Healing Environment
    Core Measure #2: Partnering With Families
    Core Measure #3: Positioning, Handling, and Caregiving 
    Core Measure #4: Safeguard Sleep 
    Core Measure #5: Minimizing Stress and Pain
    Core Measure #6: Protecting Skin
    Core Measure #7: Optimizing Nutrition
    Palliative Care
    Conclusion

    Chapter 6: Single- Family Room Design in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
    Leslie B. Altimier and Robert D. White
    Introduction 
    Partnering With Families 
    Physical Environment
    Key Attributes of a Collaborative Environment
    NICU Recommended Design Standards
    Single-Family Room
    Space
    Positive and Negative Impacts of NICU Room Types
    Benefits of SFR Design
    Negative Impacts of Open-Bay Environments
    Noise 
    Additional Points to Consider for Noise Abatement in the NICU
    Lighting
    Fall Prevention
    Staff
    The NICU Design Process
    Conclusion

    Chapter 7: Infant Mental Health: Strategies for Optimal Social–Emotional
    Jacqueline M. McGrath and Dorothy Vittner
    Care of Infants and Families in the NICU 
    Introduction
    Infant Mental Health Services: An Overview 
    Strategies That Promote Development of Healthy Parent–Child Relationships in the NICU
    Integration of Relationship- Based Caregiving
    Strategies That Prevent or Reduce Developmental and Social–Emotional Risk in the NICU
    Working With Families With Preexisting Risk Factors
    Situations Requiring Infant Mental Health Treatment
    The Reflective Process
    Conclusion 

    Chapter 8:  Partnerships in Care: Mothers, Fathers, and Health Professionals
    Marina Boykova and Carole Kenner
    Introduction
    Parenting in the NICU
    Health Professionals as Partners
    Strategies to Support Parents/Develop Partnerships in the NICU
    Identification of Parents at Risk 
    Partnerships after NICU Discharge: Transition to Home
    Partnership as a Model of Care
    Conclusion 

    Chapter 9: Critical Periods of Development
    Carole Kenner
    Introduction
    Weeks 1 to 8: Fertilization Through the Embryonic Stage
    Development of the Placenta and Fetal Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
    Weeks 9 to 40: Fetal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
    10
    Factors Influencing Development ................................. 165
    susan tucker blackburn
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
    Prenatal Factors Influencing Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
    Perinatal Factors Influencing Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
    Postnatal Influences on Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
    11
    Motor and Musculoskeletal Development of Neonates:
    A Dynamic Continuum ........................................... 182
    teresa Gutierrez and Jane K. sweeney
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
    Structural Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
    Prenatal Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
    Development of Posture, Movement, and Tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
    Clinical Implications for Neonatal Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
    Early Intervention and Interdisciplinary Follow- Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
    12
    The NICU Sensory Environment................................... 196
    r oberta Pineda and Joan r. s mith
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
    The NICU Sensory Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Sensory Systems Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
    Parents as an Integral Part of the NICU Sensory Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
    Timing of Parent Engagement With the Infant and Timing of Different Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
    Evidence and Support of Best- Practice Standards to Support the NICU Sensory Environment . . 201
    Sensory Processing Support in the Transition to Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
    13
    Infant Sleep and Arousal......................................... 213
    amy L. salisbury and Kathleen s. s. Kolberg
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
    Sleep Development of Preterm and Term Babies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
    Sleep Concerns in the Hospitalized Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
    Safe Infant Sleep Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
    14
    Collaborative Therapeutic Positioning: Multisystem and
    Behavioral Implications.......................................... 231
    Jane K. sweeney and Jan Mcelroy
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
    Neuromotor Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
    Skin Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
    Respiratory Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
    Gastrointestinal Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
    Sleep and Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
    Back to Sleep Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
    Short- and Long- Term Neurobehavioral Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
    Human Touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
    Touch and Positional Support During Medical Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
    Neonatal Positioning Standards and Competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
    15
    Oral Feeding and the High- Risk Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
    Jacqueline M. McGrath, barbara Medoff- Cooper, ashley Darcy-Mahoney,
    Kelly sharmane McGlothen-bell, and annalyn Velasquez
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
    Gastrointestinal Tract: Anatomic and Physiologic Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
    Enteral Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
    Breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
    Breastfeeding in Other High- Risk NICU Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
    Myths About Breastfeeding in the NICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
    Physiology and Development of Sucking and Swallowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
    Anatomy of Oral Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
    Assessment of Feeding Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
    Setting the Stage for First and Subsequent Feeding Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
    Psychosocial and Family Issues: Preparing for Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
    Future Research Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
    16
    Skin- to- Skin Contact Optimizes Outcomes for Infants and Families ...284
    Dorothy Vittner and Jacqueline M. McGrath
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
    Benefits to Family (Maternal and Paternal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Benefits for Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
    Short- and Long- Term Effects on Feeding, Growth, Development, and
    Maternal–Infant Interaction Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
    Recommendations for Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
    17
    Sensory Interventions for the High- Risk Infant .................... 300
    r osemary White-traut, brenna Hogan, Christina r igby- McCotter, and Jacqueline M. McGrath
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
    Sensory Experiences in the NICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
    Multisensory Interventions That Include Massage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
    Defining Infant Massage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
    Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
    Evidence to Support Integration of Infant Massage Into Routine Practice in the NICU . . . . . . . . . 303
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
    18
    Pain Assessment and Nonpharmacologic Management.............. 318
    r obin Clift on- K oeppel
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
    Physiology of Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
    Significance of Pain Response in Neonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
    Definition of Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
    Pain Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
    Contextual Factors Modifying Neonatal Pain Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
    Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Clinical Procedures Causing Minor Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
    19
    Palliative Care ..................................................330
    tanya sudia
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
    Neonatal and Pediatric Palliative Care Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
    Normalization of Dying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
    Alleviating Pain and Suffering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
    Incorporating Developmental Care Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
    Providing Parenting Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
    Openness to Innovative Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
    NICU Team Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
    20
    Beyond the NICU: Measurable Outcomes of Developmental Care......338
    barbara a. r eyna, nicole Cistone, and r ita H. Pickler
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
    Evidence to Support Integrating Developmental Care Into Routine Practice
    Outcomes at Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
    Postdischarge Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
    21
    Interdisciplinary Competency Validation ...........................350
    susan orlando, Jana Pressler, and Jacqueline M. McGrath
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
    Developmental Care Provider Workforce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351Disciplines and Professions Involved in the NICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
    Collaboration in Implementing a Team- Based Approach to Developmental Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
    Four Key Constructs Pertinent to Understanding Developmental Care Competencies . . . . . . . . . . 357
    Assessing, Validating, and Furthering Caregiver Developmental Care Competencies . . . . . . . . . . . 361
    The Requisite of Careful Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
    22
    Developmental Care: Where Do We Go From Here? ..................365
    Carole Kenner and Jacqueline M. McGrath
    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
    NANN’s Developmental Care Specialist Designation Reflects Four Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
    Professional Associations, Parent Groups, and Interdisciplinary Working Groups and
    Their Role in Developmental Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
    Demonstration of Professional Competence in Developmental Care: Is it Necessary? . . . . . . . . . 366
    COVID- 19 and the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
    Predictions for Developmental Care in the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
    Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
    Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
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Developmental Care of Newborns & Infants

Developmental Care of Newborns & Infants

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