BRS Behavioral Science

Reviewers vi
Preface vii
Acknowledgments viii
1. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE: PREGNANCY THROUGH
PRESCHOOL 1
I. Childbirth and the Postpartum Period 1
II. Infancy: Birth to 15 Months 3
III. The Toddler Years: 15 Months to 2½ Years 5
IV. The Preschool Child: 3–6 Years 6
Review Test 8
2. SCHOOL AGE, ADOLESCENCE, SPECIAL ISSUES
OF DEVELOPMENT, AND ADULTHOOD 14
I. School Age: 7–11 Years 14
II. Adolescence: 11–20 Years 15
III. Special Issues in Child Development 17
IV. Early Adulthood: 20–40 Years 17
V. Middle Adulthood: 40–65 Years 18
Review Test 19
3. AGING, DEATH, AND BEREAVEMENT 24
I. Aging 24
II. Stages of Dying and Death 26
III. Bereavement (Typical Grief) Versus Complicated
Bereavement (Depression) 26
Review Test 28
Contents4. GENETICS, ANATOMY, AND BIOCHEMISTRY
OF BEHAVIOR 32
I. The Genetics of Behavior 32
II. The Neuroanatomy of Behavior 33
III. Neurotransmission 35
IV. Biogenic Amines 36
V. Amino Acid Neurotransmitters 39
VI. Neuropeptides 39
Review Test 40
5. BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS
WITH PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS 46
I. Overview 46
II. Measurement of Biogenic Amines and Psychotropic Drugs 46
III. Evaluating Endocrine Function 47
IV. Neuroimaging and Electroencephalogram Studies 47
V. Neuropsychological Tests 47
VI. Other Tests 48
Review Test 50
6. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY AND DEFENSE
MECHANISMS 54
I. Overview 54
II. Freud Theories of the Mind 54
III. Defense Mechanisms 55
IV. Transference Reactions 57
Review Test 58
7. LEARNING THEORY 62
I. Overview 62
II. Habituation and Sensitization 62
III. Classical Conditioning 63
IV. Operant Conditioning 63
Review Test 66
8. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS
WITH BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS 71
I. Overview of Psychological Testing 71
II. Intelligence Tests 71
III. Achievement Tests 72
IV. Personality Tests 739. SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS 79
I. Substance-related Disorders: Epidemiology,
Demographics, and Terminology 79
II. Stimulants 80
III. Sedatives 81
IV. Opioids 83
V. Hallucinogens and Related Agents 84
VI. Clinical Features of Substance-related Disorders 85
VII. Management 86
Review Test 87
10. TYPICAL SLEEP AND SLEEP–WAKE DISORDERS 93
I. Typical Awake and Sleep States 93
II. Classification of Sleep–Wake Disorders 95
III. Insomnia Disorder 96
IV. Breathing-related Sleep Disorder (Sleep Apnea) 97
V. Narcolepsy 97
VI. Management of Sleep–Wake Disorders 98
Review Test 99
11. SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC
DISORDERS 106
I. Schizophrenia 106
II. Other Psychotic Disorders 109
Review Test 111
12. DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS AND BIPOLAR
AND RELATED DISORDERS 116
I. Overview 116
II. Classification of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders 117
III. Etiology 120
IV. Management 120
Review Test 122
13. ANXIETY DISORDERS, OBSESSIVE–COMPULSIVE
AND RELATED DISORDERS, SOMATIC SYMPTOM
DISORDERS, AND TRAUMA AND STRESSOR-RELATED
DISORDERS 127
I. Anxiety Disorders 127
II. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 130
III. Factitious Disorder, Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another, and 14. NEUROCOGNITIVE, PERSONALITY, DISSOCIATIVE,
AND EATING DISORDERS 139
I. Neurocognitive Disorders 139
II. Personality Disorders 143
III. Dissociative Disorders 144
IV. Obesity and Eating Disorders 145
Review Test 148
15. PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN CHILDREN 155
I. Autism Spectrum and Related Disorders 155
II. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Oppositional
Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder 156
III. Other Disorders of Childhood 157
Review Test 159
16. BIOLOGIC THERAPIES: PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 164
I. Overview 164
II. Antipsychotic Agents 164
III. Antidepressant Agents 166
IV. Mood Stabilizers 170
V. Antianxiety Agents 170
VI. Psychoactive Medications in Pregnancy 172
VII. Electroconvulsive Therapy and Related Therapies 173
Review Test 174
17. PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES 182
I. Psychoanalysis and Related Therapies 182
II. Behavioral Therapies 183
III. Other Therapies 184
Review Test 186
18. THE FAMILY, CULTURE, AND ILLNESS 190
I. Overview of the Family 190
II. Demographics and Current Trends 190
III. Culture in the United States 191
IV. American Subcultures 193
Review Test 19519. SEXUALITY 200
I. Sexual Development 200
II. The Biology of Sexuality in Adults 201
III. Sexual Dysfunction 202
IV. Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders 204
V. Illness, Injury, and Sexuality 205
VI. Aging and Sexuality 205
VII. Drugs and Sexuality 206
VIII. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sexuality 206
Review Test 208
20. AGGRESSION AND ABUSE 215
I. Aggression 215
II. Abuse and Neglect of Children, the Elderly, and Impaired Persons 216
III. Physical and Sexual Abuse of Domestic Partners 218
IV. The Role of the Physician in Suspected Abuse 219
V. Sexual Aggression: Rape and Related Crimes 219
Review Test 221
21. THE PHYSICIAN–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP 227
I. Medical Practice 227
II. Adherence 230
III. The Clinical Interview 230
Review Test 233
22. PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE 242
I. Stress and Health 242
II. Psychological Stress in Specific Patient Populations 244
III. Patients with Chronic Pain 245
IV. Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 246
Review Test 247
23. LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN MEDICINE 251
I. Principles of Medical Ethics, Legal Competence, and
Decision-making Capacity 251
II. Informed Consent 252
III. Confidentiality 254
IV. Reportable Illnesses 254
V. Ethical Issues Involving HIV Infection 254
VI. Involuntary and Voluntary Psychiatric Hospitalization 255 VII. Advance Directives 255
VIII. Death and Euthanasia 256
IX. Medical Malpractice 256
X. Impaired Physicians 257
Review Test 258
24. HEALTH CARE IN THE UNITED STATES 271
I. Health Care Delivery Systems 271
II. Costs of Health Care 273
III. Payment for Health Care: Health Insurance 273
IV. Demographics of Health in the United States 276
Review Test 278
25. MEDICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 284
I. Medical Epidemiology: Incidence and Prevalence 284
II. Research Study Design 285
III. Quantifying Risk 285
IV. Bias, Reliability, and Validity 287
V. Clinical Probability and Attack Rate 290
VI. Graphic Representations of Epidemiological Data 290
Review Test 293
26. STATISTICAL ANALYSES 303
I. Elements of Statistical Analyses 303
II. Hypothesis Testing 306
III. Statistical Tests 307
Review Test 309
Comprehensive Examination 314
Index 351