1 History and Evolution of External Fixation. . . . . . . . . 1
Bradley P. Abicht and Thomas S. Roukis
2 Safe Lower Extremity Anatomic Zones for External Fixation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Patrick R. Burns and Ryan L. McMillen
3 Biomechanics of External Fixation. . . . . . . . . . . . 33
James E. Orsak and J. Tracy Watson
4 Circular External Fixation Components and Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Paul S. Cooper
5 Operating Room Preparation and External Fixation Equipment . . . . . . . . . . 50
Paul S. Cooper
6 Stepwise Approach to Transosseous Wire and Half-Pin Insertion and Tensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Paul S. Cooper
7 Stepwise Approach to Uniplane, Biplane, Delta, and Hybrid External Fixation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Paul S. Cooper
8 Stepwise Approach to Static Circular External Fixation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
John J. Stapleton, Vasilios D. Polyzois, and Thomas Zgonis
9 Stepwise Approach to Taylor Spatial Frame for the Foot and Ankle. . . . . . . . . . . 119
John J. Stapleton, Vasilios D. Polyzois, and Thomas Zgonis
10 Stepwise Approach to Forefoot Trauma and External Fixation . . . . . . . . . . 148
Claire M. Capobianco, John J. Stapleton, and Thomas Zgonis
11 Stepwise Approach to Midfoot/ Hindfoot Trauma and External Fixation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
John J. Stapleton, Vasilios D. Polyzois, and Thomas Zgonis
12 Stepwise Approach to Ankle/ Pilon Trauma and External Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
John J. Stapleton, Vasilios D. Polyzois, and Thomas Zgonis
13 Stepwise Approach to Forefoot Elective and Reconstructive Surgery with External Fixation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Paul S. Cooper
14 Stepwise Approach to Midfoot and Hindfoot Elective and Reconstructive Surgery with External Fixation. . . . 224
John J. Stapleton and Thomas Zgonis
15 Stepwise Approach to Ankle Elective and Reconstructive Surgery with External Fixation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Paul S. Cooper
16 Stepwise Approach to Charcot Midfoot Reconstruction and External Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Paul S. Cooper, Crystal L. Ramanujam, Zacharia Facaros, and Thomas Zgonis
17 Stepwise Approach to Charcot Hindfoot/ Ankle Reconstruction and External Fixation . . . . . . . . 293
Paul S. Cooper and Thomas Zgonis
18 Stepwise Approach to Adult and Pediatric Foot and Ankle Malunions/Nonunions and External Fixation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Alexander M. Cherkashin, Mikhail L. Samchukov, John G. Birch, John J. Stapleton, and Thomas Zgonis
19 Stepwise Approach to Foot and Ankle Osteomyelitis and External Fixation . . . . . . . . . . 341
Roberto H. Rodriguez, Luke C. Jefries, and Thomas Zgonis
20 Surgical Off-loading External Fixation and Plastic Reconstruction of the Foot and Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Crystal L. Ramanujam, Zacharia Facaros, and Thomas Zgonis
21 Stepwise Approach to Bone Loss, Transport, and Lengthening with External Fixation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Vasilios D. Polyzois, Ioannis A. Ignatiadis, Alexandru V. Georgescu, and Spyridon G. Pneumaticos
22 Stepwise Approach to Equinus Deformity Correction with Circular External Fixation. . . . . . . . 391
Mikhail L. Samchukov, Alexander M. Cherkashin, Edgardo Rodriguez, and John G. Birch
23 External Fixation Postoperative Care and Rehabilitation. . . . . . . . . . . 409
Paul S. Cooper